Full text of "Buhen"

See other formats

NYU IFA UBRARY

3 1162 04544770 4

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
EGYPTIAN DEPARTlkENT OF THE UNIVERSITY AlUSEUM

ECKLEY B. COXE JUNIOR EXPEDITION TO NUBIA:

VOL VII

BUHEN

D. RANDALL-MACIVER

AND

C. LEONARD WOOLLEY

TEXT

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM
PHILADELPHIA

M C M X I

The

of Ancient
Art

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTS

)

J £„kli

1^ ^

n LOi-i^E- f>A.|^^'\

JEWELLERY FROM K 8, A TOMB OF THE TWELFTH DYNASTY.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
EGYPTIAN DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM

ECKLEY B. COXE JUNIOR EXPEDITION TO NUBIA:

VOL. VII

BUHEN

D. RANDALL-MACIVER

AND

C. LEONARD WOOLLEY

TEXT

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM
PHILADELPHIA

MCMXI

135

Letter Press and Printiug by the

John C. Winston Co.

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A

Collotypes by E. O. Cockayne
Boston, U. S. A.

Price $5

In the Same Series

Vol. r AREIKA

Hv I). Randall-MacIver and C. Leonard Woolley

Vol. II CHURCHES IN LOWER NUBIA

BY G. S. MiLEHAM

Edited by D. Randall-MacIver

Price $5

Vols. Ill and R' KARANOG

The Romano-Nubian Cemetery

BY C. Leonard Woolley and D. Randall-MacIver

Price $20

Vol. V KARANOG

The Town

BY C. Leonard Woolley

Price $5

Vol. VI THE MEROfnC INSCRIPTIONS OF SHABLUL

AND KARANOG

BY F. LI. Griffith

Price $10

(V)

PREFACE

These are the two concluding volumes of the Eckley B. Coxe Junior Expedition
to Nubia. They deal with the exploration of the ancient Egyptian colony of
Buhen, which is situated near the Second Cataract almost opposite the modern town
of Haifa. Two seasons, those of 1909 and 1910, were devoted to this task; and
the site, though not absolutely exhausted, was excavated so completely that it is
unlikely that further work would yield results of any interest. The only tracts
left unstudied were the complex of ruined houses on the west and south of the
inner town, and the much denuded ground between Amenhotep's Temple and the
northern wall of the Outer Fortifications. Some trial digging showed that to
clear these would involve very great labour and expense, and there was small
prospect of obtaining results of the slightest importance.

With this exception the whole site of Buhen has been fully and completely
investigated. The work was carried out by the Curator and Assistant Curator
of the Egyptian Department of the Museum, who are the authors of the report
presented in this book. They have received much valuable assistance from Mr.
A. M. Blackman, who is responsible for all the translations of the inscriptions,
and for the interpretation of the scenes in the temple of Hatshepsut.

The scheme of the book needs little explanation. The portions that are
printed in smaller type are those which are indispensable to the special student
but which contain too much minute detail to interest the general reader. The
cross-references to the descriptions of individual tombs and to the catalogue will
enable the archaeologist to examine the evidence for the character and date of
every object, while all specimens of any interest whatever are illustrated in the
plates.

In the spelling of Egyptian names a compromise has been adopted which
it is hoped may be acceptable to all but extreme partisans. The Berlin system,
slightly modified, has been followed whenever direct translations are given; but
forms such as Aahmes and TJwthnies which are more familiar to English readers
have been retained in all general descriptive writing. The authors, who have
sworn allegiance to no school, aimed at making their text easily intelligible without
sacrificing philological accuracy in those parts which appeal to the scholar.

(vii)

viii PREFACE

The eight volumes in which the results of the expedition have been incor-
porated form a complete record of its work ; nothing remains unchronicled except
the excavation of a small number of New Empire tombs, principally of the
Twentieth Dynasty, at Anibeh. It is intended to include these in the report
of any other expedition which may inherit that site.

In concluding our reports, at the close of the five years term dtiring which
we have worked for the University Museum of Philadelphia, we wish to express
our cordial appreciation of the generosity of Mr. Eckley B. Coxe, Junior, who has
made it possible not only to conduct these extensive explorations but to publish
the results in a manner worthy of their importance. The services that he has
thus rendered to archaeology will be esteemed by all those who read the volvimes
published in his name.

D. R. M.
C. L. W.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Preface vii

CHAPTER 1
Introductory i

CHAPTER IT
The History of the Southern Temple 9

CHAPTER III
The Temple of Hatshepsut 19

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III
Inscriptions Found Near the Temple of Hatshepsut .... 77

CHAPTER IV
The Northern Temple 83

CHAPTER V
Buildings Adjoining the Two Temples 97

CHAPTER VI
Statues, Stelae, Pottery and Skalings Found Near the Temples . 108

CHAPTER VII
The Outer Fortifications 119

CHAPTER VIII
The Romano-Nubian Remains 125

CHAPTER IX
The' Eighteenth Dynasty Cemeteries . . ... 129

(ix)

CONTENTS

CHAPTER X

PAOE

Cemetery H. Description of Individual Tombs 137

CHAPTER XI
Cemetery J. Description of Individual Tombs 167

CHAPTER XII
Inscriptions from Cemeteries H and J 180

CHAPTER XIII
The Twelfth Dynasty Cemetery 185

CHAPTER XIV
Contents of the Twelfth Dynasty Tombs 192

CHAPTER XV
Cemetery K. Description of Individual Tombs 197

CHAPTERS XVI AND XVII
Catalogue of those Objects Found at Buhen which are now in

THE University Museum, Philadelphia 217

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY

On the east baiik of the Nile, within sight of the Second Cataract, stands the Haifa.
little modern town of Haifa. It is about ten miles north of the Ptilpit Rock of
Abusir and twenty miles south of Faras, the official frontier between Egypt and
the Sudan. The existence of Haifa is due to the value of its strategical position,
for in the time of the Mahdist terror the frontier of Egypt was placed there, and
between the years 1884 and 1896 the place was constantly occupied by British
or Egyptian troops. Fighting around Haifa itself was common until Lord
Kitchener's expedition began its victorious advance; and the town was even
fortified with a strong brick wall, which is still standing and lends a pleasing
mediaeval touch to its appearance. The cantonments of the troops, now long
disused, are crumbling into ruins, but the sycamore trees planted by Sir Evelyn
Wood have grown into shady avenues which afford grateful shelter from the
scorching heat of the tropical sun.

Adjoining Haifa on the north and connected with it by straggling buildings, Tewfikieh.
is the native village of Tewfikieh, which has growTi into a town of some importance,
with many Greek stores and a considerable population. The river front is formed
by a stone embankment upon which is built an attractive line of buildings, chief
amongst which are the post office and the hospital. Behind these are several
rows of native streets, from which in one corner rises the white minaret of a little
mosque. At the south end of Tewfikieh is the railway station, the terminus of the
desert line to KhartOim.

This is the railway which was begun by the Sirdar in 1897 and pushed forward The Sud&n

Railway

with such astonishing speed to assist the advance of the expedition on Abu Hamed. atid

Steamboats.

Had any other starting point for it been chosen, Haifa would have sunk, like
Korosko, to the condition of a deserted camp, surrounded by a few peasants'
houses. But as the Government has established workshops, both for the locomotives
of the Khartum railway and for the steamboats which make the connection with
Aswan, the settlement near the old camp has become a busy centre of emplojrment.
The English colony consists of only half a dozen persons, but they are the heads of

BUHEN

Barrenness
of the
Western
Bank.

Origin aiid
Earliest
Mention
oj Buhen.

Work of
Previous
Explorers
at Buhen.

important branches of the administrative service, comprising the Governor of the
province and his staff, the Assistant Director of the Government steamers, and the
Assistant Director of the raihvays. Their residences stand amid trees and gardens
close beside the river.

The narrow belt of fields and trees which skirts the eastern bank at Haifa
seems luxuriant in contrast with the bleakness of the western shore. A strip of
lupins, only a few yards wide, lines the water's edge below the top of the bank
and opposite the Sirdariya a group of sycamores shelters a deserted village,
otherwise there is not one green plant for miles. It is unbroken waste, grim
and savage. An object that looks like a tower of brick is clearly visible from
Haifa, three miles away. It is the ruined pylon of a temple, the southern temple
of Buhen.

The earliest mention of Buhen is on stelae of the reign of Sesostris 1^',
discovered in the northern of the two temples. One of these has been known
since 1829 when it was brought to light by Champollion; the others were found
in 1892 by Capt. H. G. Lyons. Next the name occurs in a list of the Egyptian
frontier fortresses contained in an unpublished papjrrus from the Ramesseum in
the possession of Mr. Alan H. Gardiner, the date of which is shortly after the
Twelfth Dynasty. In the New Empire the local god Horus of Buhen was widely
recognized; thus we read on the Kubban stela (translated in Breasted, Ancient
Records, III, p. 119): " Gold comes forth from the mountain at his name like that
of his father, Horus lord of Bek, great in love in the southern countries, like Horus

in the land of Miam, lord of Buhen." It is generally written | ^ t^~i

^U AAVtAA

but the Ramesseum papyinis and a stela found by Capt. H. G. Lyons preserve the
fuller form of J' %. ^ "^^^^ . which may be rendered by the word that

we have taken for the title of this book. The town of Buhen was one of those
military colonies which the Egyptian kings of the Twelfth Dynasty planted
near their southern frontiers to protect the kingdom from invasion by the
Blacks, so that its origin is curiously analogous to that of Haifa itself in modern
times.

The two temples have long been known. Champollion and Rosellini visited
them and the former has left a description of them in his journal. Col. Sir C.
Holled-Smith cleared the southern temple in 1887 and Capt. H. G. Lyons excavated
the northern in 1892. In 1905 Sir Reginald Wingate, Governor-General of the
Sudan, determined to protect the southern temple from the desert storms by

INTRODUCTORY 3

building a high wall round it and placing a light roof over the finer reliefs of the Work of

central part, a work which was carried out by the late Mr. P. D. Scott-Moncrieff Explorers

at Buhen.

of the British Museum. When we made a preliminary visit of investigation in

January, 1908, the southern temple was in admirable condition, but the northern

had once again been almost obliterated by the drifting sand. As the previous

excavators had confined themselves to the two temples it was evident that much

remained to be studied. No considerable mounds were apparent at any point, but

in many places lines of brickwork were visible beneath the sand and some of these

could at once be recognized as part of the ancient fortifications. It was clear

that they enclosed a town of considerable extent and we determined to obtain

permission for a complete exploration of the site.

In January, 1 909 , we returned, prepared for a thorough campaign of excavation. Commence-
ment of our
The director of the expedition arrived ten days before, in order to begin the Expedition.

building of a house, as tents are impossible in a climate like that of the Sudan.
Store-rooms, a developing room for photographic work, and places in which costly
and delicate apparatus can be protected from the sun and the driving sand, are
indispensable in the interests both of economy and efficiency. Moreover, the
health and w'orking power of the members of an expedition can only be maintained
under the stress of a desert life if conditions of reasonable comfort are provided.
This word of caution may be useful to the newcomer, whose enthusiasm might
lead him to forget the practical considerations which must be respected if an
expedition is not to culminate in more or less disastrous failtire.

We wasted no time, however, in making our permanent quarters ; the large Summary
house shown in PI. 2 was entirely completed within and without in four weeks Progress
and a half. Exploration was begun ten days after the foundations were laid, and Two
proceeded so rapidly that the store-room could scarcely be completed in time to
accommodate the numerous antiquities that were being brought in from the tombs.
Within three weeks of our arrival a great part of the northern cemetery had
been worked, and preliminary surface digging had revealed the whole system of
fortifications encircling the ancient town. In 1909 we remained imtil April,
during which time we discovered and excavated two considerable cemeteries of
the New Empire and the greater part of a cemetery of the Twelfth Dynasty, as
well as the outlines of the exterior fortifications and a small portion of the inner
wall of the town. In 19 10 while Mr. C. L. Woolley was employed in exploring
the Romano-Nubian town and castle of Karanog near Anibeh, Dr. Randall-
Mac I ver spent from the first week of January to the middle of May in clearing
the whole area between and around the two temples. Lastly, in November, 19 10,
Mr. A. M. Blackman completed our studies of the site by opening on ovu- behalf

4 BUHEN

the five last Twelfth Dynasty tombs, which there had not been time to work in
the spring, and making various supplementary notes.
Description We may now describe the principal parts of the site and the surrounding

of the House _ ,..,,, . , i • i . i

Built for the country. A promment object m the landscape is our house, which stands 300

Expedition.

metres from the river bank,* west of the temples and the ancient town. It is
built of mud-brick, whitewashed outside. For the sake of light the domed living-
rooms are whitewashed inside as well, but the others are only plastered with
smooth mud mortar, which absorbs the light and rests the eyes after the glare of
the desert. No wood is used in the construction, principally for fear of white ants.
The walls are very thick, as they must be to support the heavy domes and vaults.
The vaulting has been done on the principle which the Nubians themselves employ
throughout a great part of the country and forms an interesting study in native
buildings. The system, which is indigenous to the country, was evolved at an
early date and freely used in the Romano-Nubian, as well as in the Coptic period.
Readers who are interested in the subject may be referred to a previous volume
in this series (" Karanog, " Eckley B. Coxe Junior Expedition, Vol. Ill, p. 18 and
Vol. IV. PI. III).

The design of the house is our own and proved to be very well adapted to the
conditions of the climate. Thick walls and small openings are the only rational
system for a desert house. All openings also must be made on the side which is
not exposed to the prevailing wind ; thus on the west side we made only a single
door, which was needed to connect the living-rooms with the kitchen, a detached
building several yards behind the house. The windows are made as small as
possible, so as to exclude all unnecessary light, but are not glazed.

The corps de logis is formed by three domed rooms, of which the central is
the largest, which occupy the west side of the court. The two wings are composed
of a series of three small rooms, which are roofed with barrel vaults and separated
from one another by as many little courts, open to the sky. A screen wall connects
the different parts and encloses the whole.
General The photographs on PI. i will convey an idea of the general appearance

Features of . . , . .

the Site. of the site. The house stands on a plateau midway between the mountains
of the western desert and the river. Behind it rises an isolated conical hill,
like the mountain of the Purgatorio, and behind this again runs a long ridge,
which, at its northern end, breaks ofT into the isolated kopjes shown in the
background of PI. 31.

*In all descriptions in this book we use the natural mode of speech which reckons the cardinal
points as if the river ran due north and south. .Actually this is a very rough approximation;
the exact orientation can be seen from our general plan, Plan G.

INTRODUCTORY 5

Immediately north of the house the plateau is occupied Ijy a New Empire Cemeteries.
cemetery which will be referred to as cemetery H. South of the house are some
shallow trench graves of the New Empire and scattered shaft-tombs of the same
date, which form the outlying parts of cemetery J. The main part of cemetery J
is situated in the conical hill itself, which is honeycombed with galleries, and on
the low ridge between it and the house. A few hundred yards south of the hill
some circular mounds mark the graves of goats and some unimportant interments
of the Romano-Nubian and Coptic periods.

The eastern edge of the plateau is defined by a low cliff about two metres
high, which can be seen in the photogi^aphs on PI. 31. The side of this cliff had been
utilized for graves, of which a few at the northern end belonged to the Eighteenth
Dynasty but the majority were of the Middle Empire. The rubbish heaps behind
the trenches in PI. 31a mark the approaches of a group of Twelfth Dynasty
tombs, which are the most northern examples of that date on the site. The same
cliff line continues for 200 metres south of the temple shown in this picture; and
is pierced with numerous Twelfth Dynasty tombs, which were some of the most
interesting and valuable that we discovered. They comprise the greater part of
the cemetery lettered K, of which the most curious feature is that it lies almost
wholly within the circuit of the walls enclosing the ancient town. For the town, Ancient

Town with

in the centre of which stand the two temples, extended for a length of some 1500 Fonifica-

tions.

metres and a breadth of 200 metres over the low- lying ground between the plateati
and the river. Round the whole of this area ran a remarkable series of fortifications,
enclosing consequently a circuit of about a mile, which came up on to the plateau
and ran along the eastern edge of its cliff. On this side the fortifications consisted
of two elements, namely, a massive brick wall several metres thick, strengthened
by numerous buttresses on its outer face, and a ditch with sloping sides cut in the
rock of the plateau. The ditch was two metres deep and six metres wide, and its
effectiveness was increased by two low and narrow walls, built on either edge of it.
At the north and south ends of the town, where the ground was sand and not
rock, it had been impossible to make a ditch, but the two low walls were nevertheless
continued in front of the great wall with an empty level space between them.
The line of fortifications was brought out at several points into large salients, in
which, on the north and south sides at least, could be traced the foundations of
towers built outside the principal wall. In the two corners on the river bank
there were apparently gateways ; but on the river-front itself this construction had
perished to such an extent that the lines could no longer be traced with any
certainty.

6 BUHEN

Earlier The brick pylon, which was mentioned in an ear Her paragraph, is part of a wall

Fortifica- , . - ,

ttons of the which Dclongs to a different series of fortifications from those which have iust been

Middle J ., J , .

Empire. described. There is good reason also to suppose that it belongs to a different date.
For whereas we should have little hesitation in dating the outer walls and ditch
to the Eighteenth Dynasty, we regard it as virtually certain that this inner wall,
which bounds the southern temple on the east and north and separates the town
dwellings from the tombs on the west side, was built in the Middle Empire. It
forms part of a whole series of buildings of which the foundations have been
discovered beneath the New Empire temples. The course of this inner wall,
which probably enclosed the greater part of the Twelfth Dynasty town has been
traced westward to a point 90 metres beyond the western wall of the temple. It
there turns and runs south for 1 50 metres ; after which it returns again eastwards,
though only a small portion of this side is preserved. The construction is
strengthened throughout by numerous exterior buttresses which are a noticeable
and characteristic feature.

The Two The position of the temples may be seen from Plan G. Both are built

Temples.

over earlier Middle Empire structures, but in their present form date from
the Eighteenth Dynasty. The southern temple was erected by Hatshepsut and
considerably altered by Thothmes 3'^'^ ; the northern was founded by Aahmes 1",
and rebuilt by Amenhotep 2"**.

From the absence of any inscriptions and still more from the absence of any

graves later than the Twentieth Dynasty it may be inferred that the colony of

Buhen was abandoned as an Egyptian post at the close of the Ramessid period.

Meroitic The southcm temple, however, must have remained unencumbered by rubbish,

in^the^ ^'^"^ for on the right hand exterior door-jamb are a few letters not far above the ground

Temple!^ engraved in the Meroite demotic, and one of the columns of the forecourt bore at

about the level of a man's height from the ground several inscriptions painted in

the same script. Moreover, in the northeast corner of the forecourt only a few

inches above the Eighteenth Dynasty floor level were the remains of a hearth and

ashes in which were jars of the Romano-Nubian period. At the same date the

original Eighteenth Dynasty rooms built round the temple were floored over afresh

and re-occupied. After the pagan period the Copts perhaps converted part of

Hatshepsut 's temple into a church, of which slight traces can be seen, and built

dwellings round it.

Romano. The principal settlements of the Romano-Nubian and the Coptic periods

and Coptic are, however, not on the ancient Egyptian site, but at a little distance to the

south. About a hundred metres from the south side of the Eighteenth Dynasty

INTRODUCTORY 7

fortifications on a little spur of the plateau are the ruins of numerous brick
buildings. These represent a Coptic monastery built around a church of very
early date, which has been fully described in another volume of this series —
("Churches in Lower Nubia," Eckley B. Coxe Junior Expedition, Vol. II, pp. 49-56).

Three hundred metres south of the Eighteenth Dynasty town on the low Romano-

Nubian

ground between the plateau and the river is a small unwalled village of Romano- village.
Nubian date. We made some trial excavations which showed that the houses,
one of which is illustrated in PI. 68, were not sufficiently interesting to
repay detailed work. They evidently belonged to a very poor commimity,
and the only building of interest was a miniature temple, also illustrated on
PI. 68. The Romano-Nubians made most of their interments on the plateau
just behind their village, but in several cases utilized the large New Empire
tombs of the H and K cemeteries. They built also a remarkable little shrine
on the edge of an isolated spur, west of the J cemetery, and about half a mile
from their own town.

Between Bvihen and the rock of Abusir are several sites of interest. The most New

Empire

important of these is three miles to the south of our house. To judge from surface Buildings

. . . , between

mdications it is of New Empire date ; a building in which the bases of columns Buhen and

• -1 1 11 1 Abusir.

are visible may well be a large princely residence, and is surrounded by very
extensive brick ruins that can be detected beneath the sand. Just beyond it is
a large enclosiu-e surrounded by a wall of stone and brick with remarkable horseshoe
buttresses or bastions.

Nearly opposite to this on the island of Meilnarti or Merenarti are the remains Coptic
of a large Coptic monastery. During the Dervish troubles a fort was erected on on an ''^
the island and the mediaeval buildings were necessarily damaged in consequence.
The church may possibly lie beneath the modern fort, we were unable to identify
it with any other part of the site. Mr. G. S. Mileham ("Churches in Lower
Nubia," p. 5), suggests that this may be the monastery of S.S. Michael and
Kosma mentioned by the Arab historian, Abu Selah, as situated near the Second
Cataract.

Another small island near this is surrounded by a well-preserved and Eighteenth
massive brick wall, which, no doubt, represents the remains of a small fort Fort on an
built by the Egyptians of the Eighteenth Dynasty to guard the outlet from the
cataract. A little further to the south, on the mainland, are two or three Coptic
chapels.

We have not as yet explored the east bank of the Nile near Haifa, but there
is reason to suppose that it was not wholly uninhabited. Close to the railway

8 BUHEN

Remains oj Station the numerous remains of pottery of the Eighteenth Dynasty strongly
onUie"^'^ suggest the existence of a cemetery of that date; and some stone steps on the
East bank. j.-^gj. fj-Q^t "near the north end of the Haifa Hnes" are very noticeable and no

doubt belong, as Capt. H. G. Lyons first pointed out, to some ancient building.

In the garden of the Sirdariya are several fine Coptic capitals which must have

been brought from some church in the neighborhood.

CHAPTER II
THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN TEMPLE

The southern temple at Buhen is built of fine sandstone from some Nubian Component
quarry and consists of two principal parts. These are (i) a closed and roofed aiTrflipie
oblong building, in the centre of which is the sanctuary, flanked by an open
colonnade on two sides, and (2) a forecourt open to the sky composed of a
curiously unsymmetrical combination of square pillars and round columns. The
whole is encircled by a massive brick wall in the east face of which is the entrance
door.*

The first point that will strike the observer is that the entrance door does not unsymmei-
coincide with the central axis, it is more than two metres south of a line bisecting ^^^f^ ^f'^ll
the forecourt. The door of the pronaos, however, is exactly in the true line and ^'""^
is directly opposite to the quay steps outside. So that it is evident that the
original design of the architect must have been altered and interfered with by the
person who built the forecourt.

An examination of the scenes and inscriptions furnishes a clue to the history Forecourt
of the construction. On the jambs of the entrance door is the figure of a king, Thothmes
whose name Menkheperre is plainly visible. If we pass into the forecourt ^'^'''
we shall find that though the coltimns and pillars contain numerous ex votos and
secondary inscriptions of later reigns, yet all the sculptured scenes in which a king
is shown in ceremonial before a god or goddess, purport to represent the same
monarch, Thothmes 3'''*, and no earlier name occurs. On the south side of the
court, moreover, in a position of great prominence (No. 11), is a large triumphal
stela recording the victories of this king over the Libyans and Syrians. There
can be no doubt, therefore, that the forecourt as we now see it is the work of
Thothmes 3^'^.

But the main building which contains the sanctuary reveals a wholly different
origin. It is true that the name of Thothmes 3'''^ occurs in several places and

*This temple was visited by Champollion in 1829, and is briefly referred to in his account
of the ancient remains at Wady Haifa — ("Notices Descriptives, " Vol. I, pp. 29-38). To judge
from the slight sketch plan which he [gives the forecourt was the only part distinctlv visible in
his day,

(9)

10 BUHEN

Main that it is the only one mentioned in the most important scene of the sanctuary

Earlier than itself (*No. 6o). But it docs not always stand alone; on the door of the sanctuary
jrd. (Nos. 48, 49) and on that of the northern corridor (Nos. 51, 52) it is one of a pair,

the other being Thothmes 2"'^. And in the doorway and corridor behind the
sanctuary (Nos. 69-80) the only royal name visible is that of Thothmes 2°''.
Moreover, in two places the name of Thothmes 1^* can be plainly read, viz : at the
northwest exterior corner of the northern wall (No. 105) and on the doorway of
the sanctuary (No. 49), while a part of his Horus-name (" Meri-maat ") can be
detected on the exterior southern wall (No. 108). The natural inference is that
the main building was erected not by Thothmes 3'''* but by an earlier member of
his house.

If we next proceed to study the ceremonial scenes of the main building, it
will appear that they have been mutilated and altered in various places. On the
exterior faces of the northern and southern walls (Nos. 98-105 and 106-111) the
founders sculptured a series of reliefs describing the erection and endowment of
the temple. Entire figtires have been sawn out of these scenes at regular intervals
apart, and that this was done by ancient Egyptians at a virtually contemporary
date, is proved by the insertion in one place (No. 104) of a fresh block, so carved
as to replace the original. Again in the corridor behind the sanctuary, where two
royal persons appear alternately before a series of deities, it can immediately be
seen that every alternate royal figure has been recarved ; the plane has been sunk
by grinding away the original relief and a fresh figure in conspicuously inferior
Hatshepsut style has been placed over it. Having learned that it was Thothmes 3'''* who
Founder, completed and altered the temple, we can readily surmise what has happened here.
The sovereign whose portrait has been erased is Hatshepsut, the famous queen,
whose memory Thothmes 3'''^ persecuted with such untiring malignity.

This theory, in itself intrinsically probable, is conclusively proved by the
evidence of certain words which were incompletely altered by the workmen
entrusted with that task. Thus on the doorway of the corridor north of the
sanctuary may be seen the cartouches of Thothmes 3'''* (No. 51, itself superimposed
over an erased cartouche), and of Thothmes 2"'' (No. 52). But the epithets
"beloved of Horus" and "given life for ever", which follow the name of
Thothmes 2"*^, have feminine teiminations, which betray the secret that the
titles were originally those not of a king but of a queen. The same grammatical
peculiarity occurs again after the cartouche in No. 71 ; and in several other places

*The nvmibers are those used in the plan, Plan A.

THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN TEMPLE 11

feminine terminations can be detected more or less clearly, as will be showTi in
detail in the next chapter. There can therefore be no doubt that the cartouches
in the main building were originally those of Thothmes 2°^ and Hatshepsut, but
were deliberately altered to Thothmes 2""^ and Thothmes 3"^, and that the royalty
whose figure has been consistently cut out or erased was Queen Hatshepsut, the
principal builder of the temple.

It will now be interesting to enquire how far the temple had been completed in The
Hatshepsut 's reign, and how much was changed or added under Thothmes 3'''^. Design,
The latter certainly made no structural alterations in the main building, but it is Thothmes ^
clear that he changed the whole appearance of the forecourt. Such unsightly ^ '
unions of square pillars and round columns as Nos. 23-24, 29-30, and 13-14 are
altogether without analogy and can never have been designed by the admirable
architect who executed the work of Hatshepsut. Still less can he have intended
to block the axis of approach to the main building by placing a pillar or column
in front of it where Nos. 13-14 now stand, a piece of bungling which made it
necessary to misplace the entrance door.

We may reasonably conjecture that the original design was that of a four-sided
open court surrounded by symmetrical lines of free-standing columns, behind and
outside which were square pillars against the brick wall. Very possibly it was the
necessity for finding a suitable place for the great triumphal stela on pillar No. 11 .
which brought about the present confusion.

If the pillar No. 11 were replaced by a column, and the corresponding pillar
No. 16 by another column, and Nos. 14, 15 were moved a little northward to come
opposite 27 and 28, we should obtain a perfectly symmetrical and normal scheme
with a western colonnade of six columns, northern and southern colonnades of
three, and an eastern of six, from which only one (that opposite to 26) would have
disappeared. The square pillars Nos. 13, 23, 30 would on this view form no part
of Hatshepsut 's plan. The little chapel east of 25 and 26 may, however, well be
original.

Behind and around the columned forecourt would have been a line of square
pillars resting against the Ijrick wall and forming an outer enclosure. But it is
impossible that the eastern row can have stood as we now see it, for the pillars
5 and 6 block the main axis and yet all the rest in the row are spaced at equi-
distant intervals so that they make a consistent scheme. The row of pillars
Nos. 1-9 must therefore be regarded as an interpolation due to Thothmes Z"^.
Again we have already suggested that Nos. 23, 30, 11, 13, 16 are obvious
interpolations since they mar the original symmetry of the columned court. Now

12 BUHEN

The . the total number of these interpolated pillars is twelve, omitting Nos. 4, 5,

n"'^"'d h ^^^'^^ '^^^ merely doorjambs. It would seem a reasonable hypothesis that they
Tiwthnies were originally intended to continue the outer enclosure on the south and north
of the main building. For if six were placed on each side so as to continue
westward the line of Nos. 10, 18, 22 and the line of 17, 21, 31, they could be
spaced at the same intervals as these columns from one another and would then
almost exactly fill the vacant space along the brick wall on the north and south
sides of the main building (see Plan B for restoration).

If the nine pillars (Nos. 1-9) are removed from the eastern brick wall the
front is incomplete, and it is probable that it never was actually completed in the
original design. The building of the eastern brick wall must certainly be regarded
as the work of Thothmes 3'"'', for, as we have shown, it was he who made the
entrance door, and yet there is no patching or rebuilding of the brickwork, such as
must have appeared if he had blocked up an older doorway and cut his own in
another place. It must be inferred that Hatshepsut's architect, perhaps Senmut
himself, did not carry the building east of the forecourt; he had not time to
complete it and made no entrance or approach. The quay with its stone steps he
found already existing as a survival from an earlier Twelfth Dynasty temple,
and in making his own plan though he laid the axis askew to the earlier building
yet he placed the sanctuary door opposite to the ancient quay. Beginning with
the oblong building containing the sanctuary he completed it and saw it sculptured
outside and inside. Next he planted in position the columns of the side colonnade
and of the forecourt, and proceeded to chisel them into " proto-Doric " polygons
like those of Deir el Bahari. Work of this kind was generally done after the
rough hewn stones had been already placed in their proper positions and it is no
doubt significant that whereas most of the columns are finely fluted, yet one or
two, especially on the northern side, have been left as plain cylinders, which means
that they never received the finishing touches.

Then against the northern and southern brick walls so as to enclose the whole
line of the colonnades and forecourt on two sides the original architect placed
a series of blocks still rough from the quarry and had them hewn to the size and
shape required for pillars. Only three faces of each stone were worked as the
fourth, being inserted in the wall, was hidden from view; but on the fourth side
rough flanges several inches wide were left to grip the brickwork. These flanges
were of course chiselled off from the five pillars 23, 30, 13, 11, 16, when they were
afterwards moved away from the wall, but in only two of the five, viz., 11 and 16,
was the foiirth face worked. No. 11 received the great triumphal inscription of

THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN TEMPLE 13

Thothmes 3'''^ and No. 1 6 a scene representing the king before Isis. Three sides The

Original

of all the pillars were sculptured in fine reHef with figures representing Queen Design,

. Distorted by

Hatshepsut in acts of ceremonial before the gods and goddesses, scenes which Thothmes
Thothmes 3'''^ later converted to his own use by the simple device of substituting
his own name for that of the queen. Probably not one of these reliefs was executed
for Thothmes 3'''^ himself, for the style and workmanshiiJ throughout are precisely
similar to those of the Hatshepsut reliefs in the main building and incomparably
finer than anything in the daubs with which Thothmes 3'"'' decorated the sanctuary
(No. 6o). The only scenes in the forecourt which might be attributed to him are
the inferior sculptures not in true relief but eu crcux, which occur significantly
enough on the interpolated pillars i6 and 30. In fact Thothmes brought no new
material into the temple, and not a single block was quarried for it in his time.
He added nothing to the construction; all that he did was summarily to cut off
the plan by building the eastern wall across the front and then rearranging the
pillars to more or less fit the space so foi-med. Even this work, such as it is, was
executed on impulse and in haste, showing no trace of forethought or system.
How the original architect would have completed the front we can only conjecture,
but he must certainly have intended something more dignified than the insignificant
little entrance which Thothmes 2,"^ has left. In all probability he would have
placed one or more fine pylons and perhaps even rectified the line of the quay
steps to match his new orientation.

Unfinished and mutilated as it is, the temple of Hatshepsut is a magnificent ExcelUwe
monument, and as the only building surviving from her reign except Deir el Original

H-Clicfs,

Bahari, it has a very great historical and artistic interest. It is unfortunate that
the upper courses were all removed from the main building in ancient times, so that
only the lower half of the figures remains. In the interior only one full-length
figure of a king survives, No. 77, which shows Thothmes 2"'' before the local god
Horus of Buhen. But the reliefs, when they have not been tampered with, are
of the finest Eighteenth Dynasty style ; and the colours which are laid on a plaster
coating over the sandstone are still well preserved. On the northern and southern
exterior walls and on the pillars of the forecourt the reliefs have suffered
considerably from exposure, but the figures on the pillars are complete to their
full height.

We may now briefly describe the principal scenes in so far as they represent
the original sculpture, reserving notice of the subsequent interpolations till a
later section of the chapter.

BUHEN

Scenes
in the
Forecourt.

Scenes
in the
Pronaos.

Scenes
in the
Sanctuary.

The columns of the forecourt are covered with cartouches and inscriptions,
but these all date from the time of Thothmes 3"^ and later ; in Hatshepsut's scheme
they were to be left plain and uninscribed. But the square pillars in the coxort
were finely sculptured in relief, the subject being always the sovereign (altered as
if to represent Thothmes 3""'^) receiving the symbol of life from the great gods and
goddesses. In several cases the heads of the deities are too weathered to be
recognizable, but on No. i can be seen Amon-Re, on No. 3 Anukis, on 10, 11, 13
Horus, on 16 Isis, on 18 and 21a rare form of Isis wearing the scorpion on her
brow, on 23 (south) Satis, on 23 (east) Montu and on 30 Horus.

On the front wall of the pronaos are two fine reliefs, one on either side of the
doorway, which represent the monarchs Hatshepsut (33) and Thothmes 2""^ (34),
each with the right hand extended to symbolize the offering of the temple and
its endowments to the gods. On the south side (32) Hatshepsut is again shown,
first between two gods and then alone, but on the north the corresponding scenes
of Thothmes 2"'* (35, 36) have been partly replaced by bad work of Thothmes 3'''^.

The pronaos contains one of the finest reliefs in the temple (39), a scene in
which Thothmes 2°'* offers a pair of bulls (one destroyed) and a pair of cows. The
cow in the lowest register is licking her caK and a small boy rides between her
horns. The corresponding scene on the north side (42) once represented Hatshepsut
offering incense to a god, but the block containing the figure of the queen has been
cut out. Next to it (45) is the coronation of Hatshepsut, who is kneeling in front
of the god Anion seated upon his throne, while the god lays one hand upon her
shoulder. A dais is spread beneath, and fronting them stands the high priest
clad in the leopard skin. Next should be noticed the vertical lines of inscription
on the adjoining doorway (51, 52) with the altered cartouches which have already
been mentioned. Between the two doorways is the usual figure of the Nile god
carrying a tray with offerings (50) and on the left of the central doorway (47) is
the king Thothmes 2""^, a young naked boy whom a god and a goddess take under
their sheltering protection.

In the sanctuary itself the original work has been almost entirely replaced by
very inferior scenes of the date of Thothmes Z^^. Only one of the fine reliefs
remains, No. 61, which shows Thothmes 2""^ being led by the hand between a god
and a goddess.

Passing through the doorway into the southern corridor we see on the left
(65) the king Thothmes 2"*^ before the goddess Mikt, and on the long southern wall
first Thothmes 2""^ offering to a god (66), then Hatshepsut offering to a goddess (67),
and then again the king offering to a god and a goddess at once. The doorway

THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN TEMPLE 15

leading out of this bore originally, like all the other doorways, the cartouches of Scenes
Thothmes 2"'* and Hatshepsut. Through it we enter the Opisthodomos, which o^piltho'
contains a fine series of ceremonial scenes, damaged only by the alterations which
Thothmes 3'^'' made to replace the figure and inscriptions of the queen. Originally
Thothmes 2"'^ and Hatshepsut were shown alternately in acts of worship before the
great gods and goddesses in order. But the portrait of the queen has been scraped
out and a very inferior painting substituted for it in every alternate scene. Thus
while 73 and 75 are unspoiled, the royal figure has been erased and replaced in
74 and 76. In 76, however, the little figiore of the queen's ka has been left
undamaged. On the northern wall (77) the full length figiu-es of Thothmes 2"'*
and Horus of Btihen are completely preserved but the style is inferior and seems
to betray the hand of the restorer. The east wall continues the series of scenes
of worship with Thothmes 2°"^ as the sovereign in 78 and Hatshepsut in 79.

The corridor on the north side of the sanctuary exhibits an unusual structural Corridor
feature for it is divided into two parts of which the western is raised a little over Sanctuary.^
a metre above the usual floor level. This forms a sort of mezzanin, which, no
doubt, served as a store-chamber. In the eastern part of the corridor are two
scenes, of which the northern (81) has been deliberately erased; it represented
a king or queen with the little ka behind making offering to some god. The similar
representation in 82 is undamaged. Being executed en creux instead of in raised
relief both these are probably secondary work.

The exterior northern wall of the main building is sculptured with a series of Scenes

on the

representations of the king and queen alternately making various offerings to Northern

Exterior

gods and goddesses. The blocks on which Hatshepsut was represented have been Wall.
cut out and in one case (104) replaced with an inferior restoration. Beginning
from the east end we see first (98) Hatshepsut offering young bulls to a god:
behind her is the symbol of her ka. In 99 Thothmes 2"'' ofTers a shrine to Isis.
In 100 Hatshepsut presents an offering table to Horus, lord of Buhen. In 10 1
Thothmes 2""^ oiTers white bread to Anukis. In 102 (a much damaged scene)
Hatshepsut appears before the goddess Sefekh-Abwy, who is clad in a panther skin.
In 103 Thothmes 2""* is presenting a model of the temple to a goddess; at his feet
is the ankh symbol with two arms holding a pot of incense. In 104 Hatshepsut
(replaced) offers a shrine to Horus of Buhen. In 105 a king whose cartouche
declares him to be Thothmes P' is dancing before the goddess Satis. The cartouche,
however, has been superimposed on another and as there are feminine terminations
to the royal titles it is evident that the person represented is really Hatshepsut,
for whose name that of her father has been substituted.

BUHEN

Scenes
on the
Southern
Exterior
Wall.

Secondary

Scenes —
due to
Thothmes

jTd,

Inscriptions
of Nine-
tfenth and
Tu'entielh
Dynasties.

The scenes on the southern exterior wall are of the same general character.
In the most eastern (io6) the king Thothmes 2""^ offers to a god birds and cattle,
the descriptions of which are written over each group. The first row consists of
three cranes, four geese and three gazelles, below which are three shorthorned
oxen, three ibexes and three oryxes. In the third row are two groups of three
bulls, one kind of which have remarkably long spreading horns. Next in 107 had
been Hatshepsut with three staves in her hand dancing before Satis. In 108 a
king pours a libation on to an offering-table before Horus of Buhen. Behind the
king is a ka-symbol supporting a banner on which can be read the signs " meri-
maat, " which must be the end of the Horus-name of Thothmes 1"; this is probably
original and not restoration. In 109 a king, presumably Thothmes 2"**, lays his
right hand upon an offering-table piled with slices of bread, the goddess before
whom he stands has been erased. In no Hatshepsut presented shrines borne
upon sledges to Horus of Buhen. In in (a scene which matches 105 on the
northern wall) the king Thothmes 2""^ holding a paddle dances before the goddess
Neith, whose figure has been erased.

This concludes the original series so that we may next describe the
secondary scenes and inscriptions, of which the earliest belong to Thothmes 3'''^.
It has already been said that this king perverted the sculptures carved for
Hatshepsut to make it appear as though they had been executed for himself;
but in most cases he contented himself with altering names and erasing figures
without adding anything new. The chief exception to this is in the main
building, in the sanctuary, where the northern wall (No. 60) has a long scene
entirely due to Thothmes 3'''^. The king is shown before the sacred barque
with slaughtered cattle in front of him ; the barque itself has perished, but the
stand for it can be seen inscribed with the names " Menkheperre, Thothmes"
and "Horus, lord of Buhen." To Thothmes 3"^ must also be attributed the
atrocious painting on the end wall of the sanctuary (No. 58) in which the king
offers jars of wine and provisions to a god and the repainted figures of 74, 76, and 77
in the Opisthodomos. No doubt from the same hand is the ill-painted scene in
the pronaos (44) representing a king seated between two goddesses. In the
forecourt the only first hand works of Thothmes 3'''^ are the great triumphal stela
on II, the reliefs en creux on pillars 16, 30 and the titles carved on vacant
spaces on Hatshepsut 's columns and pillars.

Of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties there are numerous records carved
on the pillars of the forecourt beneath the principal scenes. These are stelae of
officials, viceroys of Kush and imjiortant people, and will be noted more fully in

THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN TEMPLE 17

the next chapter. The names of Rameses 2"*^, Merenptah, Siptah and Rameses 4"* Portrait
are mentioned in these stelae, and the cartouches of Rameses 3"^, 4"" and 5^ are Conjectured
carved on the column No. 12. There is no mention of any king later than the Tirhaka.
Twentieth Dynasty, though it is suggested that the figures in the doorways of the
pronaos (37-38 and 53-54) which are of unusual type may possibly represent
Tirhaka. They somewhat resemble the figure of the king on No. 90, which is a
sculptvire bearing no name but obviously portraying some Ethiopian king. We
found the slabs of No. 90 built up by some one of the previous excavators in a
frame of red brick between columns 24 and 25. They had evidently been put
there only in order to be kept safe and so we did not hesitate to remove them to a
place where they would not obstruct the view of the colonnade. We have now
buUt them against the modern brick wall on the south side opposite column 84. It
is to Mr. H. R. Hall that we owe the suggestion that this Ethiopian king is Tirhaka.

It seems, as was remarked in the last chapter, that the Egyptian colony of Romano-
Buhen was abandoned at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty and except for this Remains
sculpture attributed to Tirhaka there are no records of any king or official of
later date. But if the town was deserted the temple did not fall into ruins, for
in the Romano-Nubian period the floor level was no higher than it had been
in the Eighteenth Dynasty and the pillars and columns were unencumbered
by rubbish. This is proved by the fact that on the very floor of the forecourt
between pillars 17 and 21 there is a hearth with painted jars of Romano-
Nubian pottery. Similarly on the northern exterior doorjamb there are graffiti
in Meroite demotic incised on the lowest block of stone only a few inches above
the ground. We may reasonably suppose, therefore, that the Ethiopians, who
reverenced many of the same deities as the Egyptians, maintained the temple for
purposes of their own worship, even after the Egyptians had deserted it. A few
houses of Romano-Nubian date, possibly the houses of priests, stood round it,
and from these we obtained several Meroi'tic ostraka and fragments of pottery.
Some unique inscriptions in cursive Meroitic, which had been painted on column
27 of the forecourt, were so faded from the sunlight as to be almost illegible, but
in order to preserve them we cut out the block and sent it to the museum at
Khartum.

In Coptic times the temple was still free from debris, for the Coptic cross has Traces

. . of Coptic

been mcised on several of the stones of the pavement. Between the columns Occupation.
25-29 on the west side of the forecourt are some traces which might be the remains
of a screen wall, and the pillars 18, 19, i on the south and 17-21 on the north are
connected by brickwork of a late date. This suggests that the forecourt may

18 BUHEN

Traces have been converted into a church and that the ancient Egyptian altar on the
"occupation, west of colvimn 20 may have served in Christian ceremonial. But any evidence
that might be conclusive on this point has been removed by the earlier excavators.
There can be no doubt, however, that some of the doorways in the northern
girdle-wall are of Coptic date, for we found the houses to which they belonged
adjoining the temple on the north (see below, p. 100). And it is to be noticed that
the level of their thresholds is immediately above the top of the Romano-Nubian
pottery. It may very probably have been the Copts who removed the roofing
blocks and the upper courses of the main building, but until at least as late as the
beginning of the Christian period, that is to say the 6'^*' century A. D., the temple
was open and unburied.

CHAPTER in

THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT*

The entrance to the forecourt of Hatshepsut's temple is through a very The
insignificant doorway which is one of the worst features in the reconstruction
carried out for Thothmes 3'''* (PI. 3). The jambs are sctilptured en creux with
portraits of the king, who stands with his right arm extended as though in the
act of presenting the temple and its endowments to the presiding deities. The
northern jamb has suffered much from weathering; on the southern, however,
the figure of the king, wearing the crown of Upper Egypt and holding staff and
mace, is well preserved (PI. 9). In front of the king, in two vertical lines,
is the inscription:

Inscriptions
•^ [S,]^iri f M '^^ "• ^ ^ J Jl® Doorjambs.

" Offering the endoivments to Horns, lord of Bulien, "
and beneath the scene, in three vertical lines is:

" The great door of Menkheperre (named). ' The people adore before Horns'
. . . [King of Upper and Lower Egypt] Userkheprure, beloved of Amon, given life. "

The third line is an addition of Sety 2"'*, one of whose names was Userkheprure.
In the corresponding inscription on the northern jamb the first line has disappeared,
but it is still possible to read " . . . . ' The people adore before Horus.' The son of
Re, lord of diadems, Sety Merneptah, like Re." Beneath the scene on the north
jamb is a brief graffito in Meroi'te demotic.

We will now proceed to describe the scenes inside the temple.

* For all the information contained in this chapter we are indebted to Mr. A.M. Blackman,
of Queen's College, Oxford, who has copied and translated the texts and interpreted the scenes.
The chapter has been edited and arranged by us with Mr. Blackman's consent, but no alterations
of importance have been made.

20 BUHEN

The enumeration of the scenes and inscriptions begins with No. i, the pillar
in the southeastern corner of the forecourt, and proceeds in order according to the
numbering which is given to the various pillars, cokmms, and divisions of the walls
in Plan A. The letters N, S, E, Ware used to distinguish the north, south, east
and west faces of any pillar or column which may be inscribed. ' The arrow
placed against an inscription indicates according, as it points to right or left, the
direction in which the signs faced in the original. Almost all scenes which were
sufficiently preserved to be photographed are illustrated in consecutive order in
Pll. 9-28.

IN. A vertical line of inscription :

iiC^^ilfgW&f

"... Menkheperre, beloved of Anukis, given life."
2 s. A vertical line :

^il^q^gH^Af-

"... Son of Re, Thutmose, Beautiful-of -Forms, beloved of Amon-re, lord of
heaven, given life. ' '

The signs A ^^ -^ are cut en creux over an erasure in which the name

of Amon is still traceable.
2 w. (a) Amon-re embraces a king and presents him with the symbol of life

(see PI. 9). The king holds the usual pear-shaped mace in his right hand. The
figiore of Amon-re has been altered and the original outline is still quite distinct
in places.

(b) Beneath this scene are traces of an ex voto. The name on the left is

[©]£=!_ M- perhaps the Rekhpchtuf of the Abu Simbel Graffito (see Breasted,

Ancient Records, Vol. Ill, § 642). Immediately after the name come the signs

1 ^ n.=^ 'his brother'; and then in a vertical line 1 [Jpl ^Tt ' "The king's
scribe, the steward."

The remaining signs, in a horizontal line on the right, are:

AAftAAA

I ^"^-^IffflSI " His brother, the first prophet of Amon ..."

TEMPLE OF HATvSHEPSUT 21

In two vertical lines: 2 N.

....iiG^^¥liiog-1^

". . . Menkheperre \>nadc it as'\ Jiis monument for Jiis father"

. {of) the good white stone of Nubia, that he may be given life like Re for ever. ' '
In two vertical lines: 3 S.

|M(o°gl^^J^HlAf

" . . . King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menkheperre, beloved of Horus lord

of Buhen, given life. '
. . . ^

C^iI¥l^^j-fM

"... Son of Re, Thutmose, Beautiful-of -Forms , beloved of Horus lord of
Buhen for ever. ' '

Anukis ( *-<» ) embraces the king and puts the symbol of life to his nose w.
(see PI. lo).

(a) In a vertical line: N.

. . . .i(°Ei}^^]^^\m^

"... Menkheperre, beloved of Horus lord of Buhen and lord of heaven,
living for ever. ' '

(b) Beneath this is an ex voto of Setau who was a viceroy of Nubia in the
reign of Rameses 2"^*. A statue of him was found at Gerf Husein in Lower
Nubia and is now in the Konigliches Museum at Berlin. It is published in
Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, 178. His titles on the statue are "King's Son of
Kush, " "Overseer of the city" (that is, of Thebes or perhaps the capital of
Nubia), "Overseer of the gold countries, king's scribe" (cf. 31 W., p. 47).

The inscription on this ex voto is in three vertical lines in front of the kneeling
figure of Setau, whose hands are uplifted in adoration.

" [Giving] praise to Horus lord of Buhen, kissing the ground to the good god, ' '

BUHEN

3 N.

^ i o v'

8-P?

" (6>') ?/;<? hereditary noble, the prince, the chancellor, the best-beloved smr,* the
King's Soil, Overseer of

III

4 Yf.

Southern Countries, the king's scribe Setau. "

Above the second line is the cartouche of Rameses 2"^*

Uscrmaatre Setepnere
Two vertical lines:

/VVVV\A

D'^

Menkheperre, beloved of Horus lord of Biihen and lord of heaven, given life. "

" Thutmose, beloved for ever of Mont who is in the midst of Thebes. "

The signs A f © have been erased and the cartouches appear to have been

altered by Thothmes 3'"'^.

Beneath this inscription is an ex voto of a viceroy of Nubia in the
reign of Merneptah (see PI. ii). His name, which was above his head,
has been almost entirely erased and the same thing has been done in the
other ex voto of this official in 5 W. (see p. 24).

The viceroy is represented kneeling and holding a crook and fan.

In front of him is the cartouche of Merneptah,
followed by a vertical line of inscription. C*^

" Made by the King's Son, Overseer of Southern Countries, bearer of the fan
and crook upon the king's right liand/'

*For the word smr see Errnan, Aegyptische Glossar, ]>. 1 13. It was a distinct rank at court.
This and the majority of the ex votos in this temple have been ])ubhshed by Sayce in Rccncil
dc travaiix XVII.

T T

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 23

Above and behind the head of the viceroy are traces of his name, ahnost 4 w.

entirely erased, viz : , . . , . p , }■ li^^jij''*^. "• • • y. good, triumphant."

There was a viceroy of Xubia in the reign of Merneptah called Mssuy (De
Morgan, Catalogue, PI. i8, 87). But there is hardly room here for a name of
that length.

(a) A king W. -«-■ holding a mace and staff in his left hand and wearing the 5 s.
crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, stands with right hand extended as though
offering the temple and its endowmicnts to the god (see PI. 10). Above

the king is— ^ _ _ _ -iHfA^II '^"^ ^" ^'"""^ °^ ^^"^^' ^" ^ vertical line

"All that enters the temple of Horns lord of Buhen — it is pure."

(cf. 33 and 34, p. 49).

Beneath this scene are two ex votos (see PI. 11).

(b) The upper one is of Nehi, viceroy of Nubia, in the reign of Thothmes Z"^.
The great triumphal. inscription on the pillar Xo< 11 (see pp. 27, 28) was cut under
his supervision and there are two more ex votos by him in this temple, viz., 22 N.
and 23 S. {cf. Sethe, Urkunden, IV, pp. 982-989, and see also Breasted, Ancient
Records, Vol. II, §§ 651-652). Nehi is represented kneeling with hands raised in
adoration. In front of him are three vertical lines of inscription.

"Giving praise to Horns lord oj Bnhcn, kissing the ground

" to the good god. The hereditary noble, the prince, the chancellor, the best beloved
smr.

5n;>— -J^^.T.iJj^l'-

"excellent favourite of the Lord of the Tico Lauds, King's Son, Overseer of Soiiihcrn
Countries Nehi.

(c) The lower ex voto is of Hori, viceroy of Nubia, in the reign of Rameses 4"".
He is represented kneeling and holding the fan and crook in his left hand, while

BUHEN

5 s. his right hand is raised in adoration. In front of him are the cartouches of
Rameses 4*,

(Hek) maatre

sic

incses

which are followed by two vertical lines of inscription :

A... JiO

L=J

1] ra ^

" Giving praise to thy ka, 0 mighty kiug* kissing the ground to Horus lord of
Buhen, may they grant

2 M t <^ 3 1 J — "~
I 6 \ ^ I— 'I III

" a goodly lifetime following their ka. "

Above the head the signs are all erased except v^.
Behind the figure is a vertical line of inscription :

" King's Son of Kush Hori . . . son of the King's Son of Kush Hori."

The inscription is important as Petrie {Hist, of Egypt, III, i6g) states that no
trace of this reign has been found south of Thebes.

(a) The goddess Satis »-*■ S. puts the symbol of life to the king's nose.

(b) Below is an ex voto of the same official as in 4 W., with the name erased
The figure and one line of inscription are shown in Plate 11.

He is shown kneeling and holding the fan and
crook.

In front of him is the cartouche of Merneptah,

(" Merneptah-hetep-her-maat ' '),

AAiVW\

*For this formula cf. De Morgan, Catalogue, 20, 123.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 25

followed by two vertical lines of inscription : 5 w.

.rvvvvv ^^ _.

" Giving praise to Horns lord of Buhen, kissing the ground to

M^-i¥m^mni:i ■ ■ ■ ■ miiH

" the good god, by the Kings Son, the Overseer of Southern Countries, bearer of fan
and crook upon the king's right . . . good, triumphant.'"

(a) A god »-*■ S. puts the symbol of life to a king's nose. The head of the 6 w.
god is completely weathered away.

(b) Beneath this scene is an ex voto of an official named Neferhor, in the reign
of Siptah (see PI. ii).

Neferhor stands »-*- with both hands raised in adoration.

In front of him are six vertical lines :

fg|-^K§i~?^l1Af^a-'T'

Year i of the good god, Rameses*-Siptah, given life. Praise to thy ka

AA^^VVv I I ,VV\W\

" 0 Horns, lord of Buhen. May he grant life, prosperity, health, a ready wit
favour and love, to the ka of

lY-^rl™l+¥uftJ

^' the kings messenger to every country, priest of the moon-god Thoth, tJie scribe
Neferhor,

''Son of Neferhor, scribe in the record office of Pharaoh, L. P. H.,

" when he came with rewards for the officials of Nubia and to bring

*For the unusual form of the name see Breasted's note in Records III, p. 277.

26 BUHEN

C}C=3

"the King's Son of Kush, Sety, on his first expedition.'"

A trans]ation is given by Breasted in Records, III, § 643.
vs. In a vertical line :

" Menkhepcrre, beloved for ever of Horns lord of Biihen. "

w. (a) A god, probably Hortis »-> vS., puts the symbol of life to a king's nose.

Both heads are completely weathered away.

(b) Beneath this is an ex voto of Piyay, an official in the reign of Siptah, giving
the date of the third year of that king. Piyay is shown adoring the sacred ram
Mendes (see PI. 12). Above the head of the ram-headed god in a horizontal line:

" Mendes, living sotd of Re. "

In front of and above Piyay, six vertical lines :

" Year three under ilie majesty of king Ikhnere-Setepnere, son of Re . . . the
fan-bearer on tlie king's rigid hand,

1 fi nS 1 B -^ ^ IJ V 1^ ^ iii -n ^ ^ - ^ Q

" king's scribe, overseer of the ireasjiry, king's scribe of the record office of Pharaoh,
steward in the residence

" in the house of Amon, Piyay, came to receive the tribute of the land of Kush. "

A translation is given l)y Breasted, Records. Ill, § 644.
7 N. -In a vertical line:

£lXMflAf?l

•1.

beloved of Satis, given life like Re. "

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 27

A god "-»- S. puts the symbol of life to a king's nose. Both figtires are s w.
weathered away to below the shoulders.

In a vertical line : g s.

"... Good god Mcnkliepcrre, beloved of Horns lord of Buhen, given life. "

In a vertical line: low,

--.... |i]^-J^Mq^

"... \Menkhcper]rc, beloved for ever of Horns lord of Buhen/'

A king »-»- W. embraced by a god, probably Hortis, as he is hawk-headed n.
and wears the double crown.

Horus •-»- E. puts the symbol of life to the king's nose. us.

A long inscription of Thothmes 3'''^ in 18 horizontal lines (PI. 13), engraved n w'.
under the direction of the viceroy Nehi ; see 1. 1 8. Published by Sethe in
Urk., IV, 806. A most careful examination of the original only resulted in a
few corrections. Restorations are in square brackets [ ].

ffl a

Iz.\^ml^zmr■J^h^^^-zm

BUHEN

11 w.

•O

I A

ft^.flkP

111^

° T

r'^'^

k^fiWZ°^A^{! "■PI'rifl-U§ = fl?r,^

JZe^&lJs^SSQEP-kMSLz^]

10.

V .

o I

$-.^^l,?,ST"^^-klS¥^i3a^

^Ijl) II- CKl UJf^'"-^^ -==-«■

fl^^l1ifl = l^^^32^,,,

" -wv^ i .if JJL jf A

Ci I

A,vw^^ ^" -^ .>- -*7

>^^=^ \^ — /I o I

13 '^ fl '^

* £1^ \\ If /www

A^VW^

^ ' :; I I I

*^i:::

n I

2-=^==^5y?;^o^

= A lllJ

I 1 0 ^vw^^ I I aJI ^

.,„,']Io^i=^~Sf^-l?,^TTix,^= '•^-

O \> A— D (WW>A ^~WV, J J /WW>A

^n^^

16.

^1^^^^^,^^

^ ^

U~~-fl,^,l=¥CMil]|.-'J'^M^Af ''■

[r£] ii[y'S'i^n]s:,ii,r'<

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 29

in I. 5 is doubtless a mistake of the engraver. We should probably read ^"^w on the

long
inscription

sic J,

^ " ' ThothmesZrd

After ~^ ^ Sethe instead of a determinative reads [. , J- But the detenninative

is quite plain on the original.

After — •— fct '^^^^ Sethe reads \ M\ . But there is no room for it on the original.

For the expression ^^ r^j ,^^^ JJ^ to _„ "^^ , H- 7-9- cj. an inscription on one of

the rams set up by Amenhotep 3'''^ at Soleb, L., D., Ill, 89 e, " He made it as his monument for
his father Amon, lord of the thrones of the two lands, who appointed for him victory against

a„ fo„.,„ co„„.„.s ^^^l\^f^?lW.-^\\^X^^

"^^ 'Z^ i=r <=> 'i \'^ ^ t. causing that he should seize the ' Pool of Horus ' as far as
the ' Pool of Set.* That which the mountains encircle and ocean enfolds is at the feet of this good
god." ./.alsoL.,D.,ni.S.a P E ] ^ Q ^^^ f^ ^ ^T", "^ ^ | ^ I ^ S ^-

In 1. 9 Sethe reads B but fl is quite legible on the original.
U I o

(Ji ' in 1. II has been erased.

In 1. 12 Sethe reads ^^ [ a 1 1.

The sign J in 1. 13 is a knife in a conical handle. See Griffith, Hieroglyphs, p. 50.

In 1. 14 Sethe reads d ■■ as determinative of bkw, but (^__j] seems intended in the

original.

"-^ 7V^ at the beginning of 1. 15 is restored from Sethe's publication. When Schafer
and Steindorff were at Haifa in 1900 the determinative '^ was apparently still preserved.

In 1. 17 before T q Sethe reads | T _y ^; ^-^ .

Above this inscription are two scenes showing the king before a god. In the
northern the god is standing, in the southern he is seated. The vertical Hne of
inscription between the two scenes is too much weathered to be legible.

30 BUHEN

11 w. Translation. "Year XXIII; under the majesty of Horns, strong bull,

crowned in Thebes ; king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menkheperre; beloved of
Amon-re lord of the thrones of the two lands, shining in the face (of men),' like
the rising of the sun's disk. His beams make festive both lands, like the rising
of the sun-god in the horizon of heaven. Good god, lord of joy;' son of Re,
Thutmose, Beautiful-of-Forms, beloved of Horus lord of Buhen. He (Horus)
united with his Ennead in order to create him from their bodies. He had
bequeathed *to him his inheritance (while yet)* in the womb. Hef knew that he
would utter an oracle concerning him that his diadems should be established
for him (as) king of Upper and Lower Egypt upon the Horus-throne of the
living. He puts his valour, he makes" his terror, in the bodies of the lands of the
PhfRnicians (Fnhw).

"T am a king whom he hath made, a chosen son whom he hath created' for
himself. I build his house, I erect his monuments even as he granted that I
should receive the two regions (Egypt). The son seeks to do pious acts for his
father ; thoughtful for him ' from whom he came forth ; making names to live ;
creating offerings; causing the name of every god to live. He hath repeated
births among them (i. e., made them live anew?). He hath seized* this land upon
its South; the " Pool J of Set" is under his direction. He hath sealed it upon its
North as far as the " Pool of Horus". Now all these — " what the moon illumines,
what the sun's disk encircles when he rises, what Geb and Nut enclose — he hath
enfolded them within his arms.

""'His§ majesty stood upon the Horns of the earth|| in order to overthrow
the Asiatics. I am the strong bull, crowned in Thebes; the son of Atum;

*cf. Pianchi, Inscr. 1. 2. rh-n It-f sU-n mni-j hv-f r hk^ m su'lt-t. "Whose father knew,
whose mother recognized that he would rule (while yet) in the egg. "

tSee Breasted, New Chapter. The reading rh-iifnd-f ri etc., which is the correct one,
necessitates an alteration in his translation.

JThe "Pool of Horus" must be some region in the North, marking the limit of the Eg^'ptia^
dominions in Asia, just as the "Pool of Set" bounds them in the South. We get a very similar
expression on the ram of Amenhotep 3''^, quoted in the notes on the text. "The 'Pool of Horus' as
far as the 'Pool of Set' " means, of course, the territor\- lying between them. In the Konosso
inscription of Amenhotep 3'''*, L., D., Ill, 82 a, also quoted above, the king, after enumerating his
victories in Nubia, goes on to say that he "erected a tablet of victor}' as far as the "Pool of
Horus." See Breasted, /?(?cor(i5, II, § 845.

§See Breasted, Records, II, § 412. He evidently had s'-h'^ (Causat) in his copy, but ^h'-
is the correct reading.

||''Homs of the Earth." (IVpt t L) This is usually a name for a locality in Nubia, see
Sethe, L''rA^/(n(i(?)!,IV,i38,7;and Breasted, Records, Index, p. 81. It also appears as the name for a

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 31

beloved of Mont ; " fighting for his army himself, that the two lands may ii W.
behold; it is no lie. I came forth from the house of my father, the king of
gods, Amon, who decrees me victory.'- The king himself, he set out, his mighty
army in front of him, like a flame of fire; a valourous king who performed (feats)
with his m.ighty arm; of valiant hand, without " his equal; slaying the foreigners;
vanquishing the Retenu (Rtnw.t^'"!), bringing their chiefs as living captives, their
chariots " wrought with gold, yoked to their horses. The number of the tribes
of the Tehenu bow down to the fame of his majesty, their tribute upon their backs,
fawning " as do dogs, brought that there may be given unto them the breath of
life. Good god, valourous and watchful; lord of diadems like Horakhti; great of
fear; mighty of terror," .... in the hearts of foreign lands. All countries are
under his control; the Nine Bows are bound under his sandals; the king of Upper

and Lower Egypt; lord of the mighty arm; sole champion." . . . Thebes . [ his

father Amon-re; son of Re, Thutmose, Beautiful-of-Forms; beloved of Horus lord
of Buhen, given life.

""The hereditary noble, the prince, . . . Horus, lord of the two lands;
king's son, overseer of southern countries, Nehi." See 5 S., 22 N., 23 S.

(a) Horus puts the symbol of life to the king's nose (see PI. 14). 11 N.

(b) Beneath this scene is an ex voto, showing Siptah »->■ E. adoring Ubastet.
Behind the king is a fan-bearer »-*■ E. whose name is destroyed (cf. Breasted,
Records, HI, § 651).

Above Ubastet in four vertical lines:

" Ubastet, lady of Bubastis, eye of Re, mistress of the gods, "

<=> Alii . _^ Ci ^=-J A C3 ««

"sorceress, the god's mother, lady of heaven, mistress of the Two Lands."

placeon the Northwest frontier of Eg\-pt. Id.op.cit.lV,^ 102. This inscription of Thothmes S'"*
is the only place I can find where an Asiatic locality seems to be meant. Though, perhaps, in
the inscription on the Constantinople obeHsk, L., D., Ill, 60 Wp-t Ti might be in Asia, i. e.
"Ir tis-f r Wp-t Ti phw r Nhrn," making his boundary as far as the Horns of the earth,
the marshes as far as Naharin." Phw in this case would be in opposition to Wp.t T i .

BUHEN

11 N.

Above Siptah

sill

"Lord of the Two Lands Ikhnere-Setepnere/''
"Lord of diadems Merneptah-Siptah.'"

Above the fan-bearer in two vertical lines :

2. ? tk -^^

"Bearer of the fan upon the kings right hand, king's messenger to Syria and
Rush:'

The inscription in front of the king is destroyed.

Horus )»-* N. embraces a king and puts the symbol of life to his nose.

The cartouches of Rameses 3'''', repeated alternately, form a band that
encircles the column. The signs on the western half face -»-• ; those on the
eastern half ^-*- .

3fi

' — '

" User-maatre, beloved of Amon, Rameses, ruler of Heliopolis. "

s. On the south side above these cartouches of Rameses 3'''^ are cartouches of

Rameses 4* and Rameses 5*.

(b)

V:-.

1 1 1

v_^

'^-=^

"Rameses 4"*. Hck-maat-re chosen of Amon, Rameses beloved of Amon, prince
of truth/'

"Rameses 5"". User-maat-re whom Re hath made, Rameses beloved of Amon,
Amen-her-khepeshef."

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 33

Between the two grovips of cartoviches : "Son of Re, of his body {?), whom he 12 s.
loves."

(c) On the south side below the band of Rameses 3"^'' cartouches is an ex voio
of a "great overseer of the Harim of Amon" named Beknamon. The signs are
badly shaped and cut, and were read with great diffictilty. The surface, of
the stone is also very weather-worn. Beknamon stands W. -t-« holding fan
and crook in his left hand, his right Ijcing raised in adoration of a god who
has been destroyed.

In 5 vertical lines:

A/W*Aft

" . . . . long [life], old age, praise and love for the ka of the bearer of the fan
upon the king's right, commander of the bowmen*' of Kttsh,

m^'^^if^i '-iyii'm

AV»/VNA

"king's scribe, great stczvard, great overseer of the harhwf of Amon, chief priest
of Amon-re,

I t lol ^^^A/v^ LJ

" Beknamon , son of the scribe Peniip. "
In a vertical line down the whole length (jf the colunui :

" . . . . with his strong arm .... mastering his foes, king of Upper and
Lower Egypt, Menkheperre, beloved of Horns lord of Buhen, given life for ever. ' '

* For this title see Griffith, Siiit and Dcr Rijch, PI. 18; Lieblein, Namcnworterbuch,
Suppl., 2129; De Morgan, Catalogue, p. 88, 61 and pp. 102, 2S8 bis.
■\cf. Brugsch, Worlcrbuch, 1093 and Suppl., 939.

BUHEN

12 N.

In a vertical line:

13 S.

1^ -^
" I I

d1-^^^S(^^^^^J

Oc^

WUf

"... diadems like the Bull-of-his-inotlier, lord of the Two Lands, Menkheperre;
beloved of Horus lord of Buhen, lord of heaven, given life for ever/'

(a) En creux. Horus embraces a king (see PI. 15).

(b) Beneath this is another scene, en creux (see PI. 15), showing Siptah
receiving the symbol of life from Horus of Buhen.

Under the disk above the king's head is written: <=> " He of Edfii."

o o

Behind the king:

"All protection, life, stability, and good fortune, all health, all happiness behind
him, like Re, every day\"

S|l!

Above the king:

0
illLi

" Lord of the two lands, Ikhnere-Setepnere ;
Lord of diadems, Merneptah-Siptah."

In a vertical line above Horus:

" Horus lord of Buhen, great god. "
In front of Horus in a vertical line:

d £)

u=^

" Unto thy nose, good god, lord of the Two Lands! I have given thee all valour,
all victory.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT

(a) Horus »-»- puts the symbol of life to the king's nose. At the top 13 w.
of the scene are two miitilated inscriptions in vertical lines, viz :

Above the god :

-- y-^

Above the king :

c^ ©

n li n

1(7^ 3 i(>T|fl

"... [Strong bull, crowned] in Thebes,
Bea:itifnl-of -Forms."

. Menkheperre .

Thutmose,

Beneath this, in a horizontal line:

" Beloved, given life, stability, happiness and joy like Re for ever. "
Between the faces of the king and Horiis:

" Unto thy nose, o good god. "

(b) Beneath this scene is one added by Rameses 3'''', showing that king before
Horus of Buhen. The king has been cut over an earlier figure that had his right
hand raised in adoration, and in his left held a fan and napkin.

Behind the king in a vertical line:

''All protection, life, stability, and happiness, behind him like Re every day!'
Above the king in a vertical line:

" Praise to thee Horus, lord of Buhen,"

BUHEN

13 W.

^-^ em

Above the king are also, on an
erasure, the two cartouches:

" Uscrmaat-re, beloved of Amon,
Rameses, ruler of Heliopolis. ' '

In front of the king in a vertical line:

"Offering triitJi to his fatJier Horns. "
Above Horus in a vertical line:
ni

" Horns lord of Bnhcn, lord of heaven. "
(See PI. 12).

An ex voto of an official named Ubekhsenu in the reign of Siptah. He is
represented kneeling with uplifted hands adoring Ubastet.
Above Ubastet in four vertical lines:

! 4.

U
II I

" Ubastet, lady of Bnbastis, eye of Re, mistress of the gods, sorceress."
In front of and above Ubekhsenu in four vertical lines :

fon'.MC^ES^CiljS

-CZ^

" Year 6 of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Ikhnere-Setepnere, son of Re
Merneptah Siptali, made by

" the first charioteer of his majesty, kings messenger to every foreign country,

iJ;

\\:

" Ubekhsenu, son of the King's Son of Rush Hon. "
{cf. Breasted, Records, III, § 650.)

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT
In a sinsfle vertical line

14 W.

vs.=m^f

i^^timC^^^^^i

"... Good god, lord of gladness, son of Atuin, upon his throne, king of
Upper and Lower Egypt Mcnkheperre, beloved of Horus lord of Buhen, great god,
prince of the two lands; given life for ever."

The lower part of this column is sun-ounded by a band formed by the ^^
cartouches of Rameses 3''''. They are the same as on 12, but all the signs
face

In a single vertical line:

\v.

O ss ^ ^ ^

. . . beloved of Horns lord of Buhen,

"... the two diadems, son of Re . .
lord of heaven; given life eternally. "

(a) xA. goddess, probably Lsis, »-> E., puts the symbol of life to the king's nose. 1^ ^
The scene is carved en crciix (see PI. 15).

Above the king written vertically is the Horus name " Strong bull, crowned
in Thebes," followed by the cartouches of Menkheperre, Thutinosc. Beautiful-of-
Forms.

U i

Q III

III

n II n

Above the goddess are traces of two vertical lines of inscription almost
obliterated :

I ^ ^

. . all . . . all life and happiness, like Re.'"

38 BUHEN

16 s. Above the heads of the king and goddess:

iBAfl'HTE]^

"... given life, stability and happiness, like Re for ever."

(b) Below this scene is an ex voto of Hori, son of Kem, an official of
King Siptah (see PI. 15). He is represented as kneeling -«-• and adoring
Ubastet.

The inscription above the goddess is destroyed except her name, Ubastet,
which is just legible.

In front of and behind Hori in six vertical lines:

" Year j of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ikhnere Setcpnere, son of Re,
Merneptah Siptah. Made by the first cJiarioteer

5i- °^ U^ ^^ 1 V <=- ^ n S t^ i ^ rl "^ [^ '^ 3. fl ^ <>,/

" of his majesty the kings messenger to every country, establishing the chiefs upon
their thrones, satisfying the heart of

"his lord, Hori son of Kem, triian pliant,

«• - ^ U S2 - CSEID -" 5a s

" of the great stable of Scty-Mcrneptah of the court; he did {this) in year j. "

A translation is given by Breasted, Records, III, § 645.
16 w. A god, probably Horus, »-> S. puts the symbol of life to a king's nose.

Of the inscriptions only a few signs between the god and the king are
preserved, viz:

I ^ nil

" Adoring the god four times. "

N. A king »-^ W. before a god. The figures are weathered away to below the

waist.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 39

(a) A god. S. ■*-» , probably Horus, puts the symbol of life to a king's nose. 16 E.

(b) Beneath this is an ex voto of Piyay (cf. 7 W), an official in the reign of
Siptah, who is represented adoring Thoth (see PI. 16).

Above Thoth is written :

SIC *

" Thoth who judges between the two combatants (i.e., Horus and Set). "
In front of Piyay, in four vertical lines : •

" Year J of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Ikhnere-Setepnere, son of Re,
Merneptah-Siptah, given life eternally.

' For tJie ka of the king's scribe, great of his love, fan-bcarcr upon the king's right,
overseer of the silver-house of the lord of the Two Lands, Piyay. "

Behind Piyay in one vertical line:

AiWVNA ^_J I 1 A/VWvS I B I /Www-, <_ X -J 3

" Made by his son, causing his name to live, the scribe Amon-nekht, triumphant. "

Horus »-*■ E. ]mts the symbol of life to a king's nose. 17 s.

All that remains of a vertical line of inscription is : w.

"... beloved of . . ., given life like Re."

In a vertical line: 18 w.

"... [Strong bidl, crowned in Thebes^ king of Upper and Lower Egypt,
Menkhepcrre ; beloved of Satis, living for ever.

*The formula W pw rhtvy must be intended, though the actual signs written are wpw hh.

40 BUHEN

18 N. Isis E. -<-« , wearing* a scorpion on her forehead, puts the symbol of Hfe to

the king's nose (see PI. 14).

Above the king and goddess, in a horizontal line:

" Beloved, given life, stability and liappincss. His heart is joyful like Re, for
ever. ' '

Between the king and goddess: | ^ ,9,

"Adoring tlie god: four times."

Across the lower ]:)art of the scene is a graffito of four lines written in large
uncial characters resembling early Greek. Professor Ernest Gardiner, to whom
a photograph was shown, identified this as Island Greek of the earliest known
type. It seems to be a list of names, of which that in the second line can be
read as <l>poi't8a?, the others are unrecognizable. The graffito should be compared
with the inscription left by the soldiers of Psammitichus at Abu Simbel.
E. In a vertical line:

- n^-j^-^q^Afs

"... beloved of Horns lord of Buhen, given life for ever. "

19 w. -'^ ^'*^'T damaged and weather-worn ex voto, showing a man offering flowers to

a god; the latter destroyed. Behind the offerer is a man holding a sistrum.
The inscription is quite illegible.
N_ In a vertical line:

^ , O 1 1 1 1 1 1 fe:^^ I :^ (11 I S? 1 f\ . n ra

" . . . . [whose] beauties the tico Enneads of gods created. Son of Re,
Thuimose, Beaiitiful-of -Forms, beloved of Horns lord of Bnhcn. lord of heaven;
given life for ever. ' '

*This is the regular form of Isib-Selket. She occurs once again in this temple, 21 S;and also
on a piece of fresco from the sanctuary of the Northern Temple. Again on a stela found at Haifa
and now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (see below, p. 96), Isis is depicted seated on a
throne with a scorpion behind her head, not on it. See Dr. Roeder's article in Roscher's
" Lexikon der gr. u. rom. Myihol.," IV, p. 653, where full references are given.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 41

An ex voto, showing an official (half destroyed) who, holding a crook, 19 n. e.
fan and napkin (?) in his left hand, stands before Amon-re.

Above Amon-re:

" Ai)ion-rc , king of gods, lord of heaven: rider of Thebes."
Above the worshipper:

•" s^^l™y ^-fl^^t^fiP 'AtMi'.^s^ *-zi

"Giving praise to [tlie ka off] Amou-re. that lie tnay grant all life, prosperity,
health, a ready it'it,* favour a)id love to . . ."

In a vertical line: 20 s.

|^-MC^^^¥

"... his tivo hands, filling the house icliich he builds, the king of Upper and
Loiver Egypt, Menkhepcrre, son of Re,

" [Thutniose, Beautiful-of -Forms] beloved of Horus lord of Bnhcn. "

Isis JB-^ E. with a scorpion on her forehead {cf. 18 X.) puts the symbol of 21s.
life to a king's nose.

In a vertical line: w.

ix^n^\v\L^

"... beloved of Satis, mistress of Elephantine: given life."

In a vertical line: g

]^-j~s-\q^

"... beloved of Horus lord of Ihdien . . ."

(a) Sesostris 3"'. E. -«-■ puts the symbol of life to Thothmos S"'" nose 22 N.
(see PI. 15).

The king wears the crown of Lower, Sesostris that of Upper , Egypt.

*0r more exactly, savoir jaire.

BUHEN

22 N.

Above Sesostris:

....DlJfl:

o
I

iG^^

". . . the ruler of the Two Lands like Re Khekaure.'"

Above the king:

mw^,

nlln

"... [Siroiig bull, crowned] in Thebes, . .
Beauttful-of -Forms. ' '

Above the king and god :

III

Menkheperre, .

Tlnitmose,

BfSlSTS

"... life, stability, and happiness; his heart is joy fullike Re for ever.'"

(b) Under the scene is an ex voto of Nehi (see PI. i6) who was viceroy
of Nubia in the reign of Thothmes 3'''^. Nehi kneels -►-«» with his hands raised
in adoration. In front of him are three vertical lines of inscription :

c^ 1 ^^ j\ ^^ J) O ^ ^ ^
' Giving praise to Horus lord of Buhen

ifSrst^s'^PTrr""'

w "0" I

" the prophet, the hereditary noble, the prince, the chancellor, the best-beloved smr (see
note on p. 22), favourite . . . "

" of the king in Nubia, King's Son, Overseer of Southern Countries Nehi. "
22 E. In a vertical line :

"Menkheperre, son of Re, Thutmose, Beautiful-of -Forms, beloved of Horus lord
of Buhen; living for ever."

These cartouches have been altered by Thothmes 3'''*.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 43

(a) Satis »-^ E puts the symbol of life to a king's nose. 23 S.
The inscriptions are destroyed.

(b) Beneath this scene there is an ex voto of Nehi (c/. 22 N). Nehi
kneels »-*■ . In front of him are three very much injured vertical lines of
inscription :

'' Giving praise . . . good god. The Jicrcditary noble: . . . an excellent noble ;

"beloved of his lord . . . Kings Son, Overseer of Southern Countries, Nehi."

(a) Mont S. -«-« puts the symljol of life to a king's nose. ^3 E.

(b) Beneath this scene is an ex voto, much damaged and weather-worn, of an
official of king Siptah. Only the upper part of the official to just above the waist
remains. He "was represented as standing, with arms uplifted in adoration. In
front of him are three vertical lines of inscription and the cartouche of Siptah.
The inscription continues above his head in a horizontal line. It is very faint and
most difficult to read, but seems to be as follows:

■^M(^^ — ^]¥ii---'-^^J^g^^°— ]1?ie..

" The king of Upper and Lower Egypt Ikhnere-Setepnere, son of Re . . . Horns
lord of Buhen, kissing the ground to the good god . . .

''life, prosperity, health, a ready wit, favours, and love, for the ka of the king's
messenger

" [to every foreign country]* . . . [to establish the . . . and] tlie king's son
in their positions, the first charioteer of [his majesty], . .a. .y, of the court ' 't

Nos. 24 and 25 bear no scenes or inscriptions. 24, 25

*cf. 16 S, line 2, and Breasted, Records, III, 642.
■f cf. 16 S, line 6.

44 BUHEN

26 E. An cxvotooi the time of Siptah, on the top of which has been engraved a later

ex voto.

(a) There are still traces, of a standing figure clothed in the full skirt of the
period and holding a fan in his right hand while his left is uplifted in adoration.
In front of him are three vertical lines of inscription and there are traces of
a horizontal line above his head.

The vertical lines are:

I GSEEi ^' ^ - dm] ^ ^ J

/www

" Ikliucre-Sciepnere, Son of Re, lord of diadems, Mcrneptah-Siptah, beloved of
Horns lord of Bulien,

,S^-^=>j° 3. I

" . . . truth, li'hom the king established in [his] place, . . . y."

(b) The later ex voto represents the viceroy of Nubia, Rameses-nekht, adoring
Horus of Buhen and Isis.

Above Horus in three vertical lines:
1 A =^ 2. -Pvl ,--, 3. [] ,v[av>

"An offering which the king gives. Horus lord of Buhen."
Above Isis in two vertical lines:

"Isis the great, the god's mother, lady of lieavoi, mistress of the Two Lands."
Above Rameses-nekht in four vertical lines:

n-^'^.^l-r- '-tUfLHA

III <=>

"Giving praise to thy ka, o Horus, lord of Buhen. May he grant life,
prosperity, health, favours and

/VVV^AA
III

b!j]¥™at:\ ^H^funftli=^^P

" love, for the ka of the King's Son of Rush, Overseer of Foreign Countries, fan-bearet
upon the king's right, kings scribe, Rameses-nekht, triumphant."

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 45

An ex voto representing three fan-bearers -r-m adoring Horus of Bnhen 27 \v
(see PI. 1 6).

Behind the god stands a priest *»-*■ with a cake of ointment in his left hand,
his right hand being raised in adoration. The foremost of the fan-bearers also
appears to be holding a similar cake. Note that all three wear leopard skins.

Above the priest who stands behind Horus, in three vertical lines:

f j C y >-o ^-^- _^ *

I \ f J Aww, fl

"For the ka of [tlic overseer], the priest, the hSty-^ .

"of Hortis lord of Bitlieu. Bcknr, triumphant."
Above Horus, in two vertical lines:

".4n offering whieli the king gives, Horus lord of Bnhen. "
Above the first fan-bearer in three \-ertical lines:

[7-1!!™" '-^--J^V '^^-"fl^lP!

" For the ka of the ehief priest of Horus lord of Bnhen , Heriryiw, triumphant. ' '
Above the second fan-ljearer in two vertical lines.

"Chief priest of Isis,-\ Siamon, triumphant."
Above the third fan-bearer:

" The second priest, Pa-re-em-heb, triumphant."

Beneath this arc vestiges of ancjther ex voto, obliterated except for traces of
two figures standing before a god.

*The sign \ licfore f \ is in red paint and not engraved.

t For « following t.f/ cf. 12 S.,ex voto, 11. 3, ^.
% ^ZSP is in hieratic.

BUHEN

27 E.

28 W.

In a vertical line:

i i

[^1

n I n

o ~1 1

iJ^\flq&f

"... Strong bull, crowned in Thebes, favourite of the two crown-goddesses,
establishing the kingdom like Re , . . . beloved of . . . Buhen, given life."

An ex voto, representing four male figures (the second indicated in red paint
only) adoring Horus. The style is bad and of the late New Empire. The surface
is very weather-worn and the inscriptions, except that accompanying the last
figure, are illegible.

Over last figure:

" Chief priest, Heriryiiv^, triumphant; son of the priest of Amon,^ triumphant. "

A very much damaged ex voto shewing a figure -«-• (deliberately erased)

adoring Osiris, behind whom stand Isis and Horus ; the latter is hawk-headed and

wears the dovible crown. In front of the erased worshipper is a now illegible

inscription in a vertical line.

In a vertical line:

n 1 n

I ^^=^J

in -<3E>-

"Strong btdl, crowned in Thebes, king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menkheperre.
. Horus lord of Btdien, making

fiy-ffirajstiji.r,A^

" for luiu a festival-hall, making festive . . . tliat he may be given life. ' '

* cf. inscri]:)tion above first fan-bearer in 27 W.
t cf. inscription above second fan-bearer, 27 W

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 47

A vertical line of inscription that has been entirely erased. 29 N.

(En crcux.) Amon-re, ithyphallic, stands »-*- E, with the goddess Mut (?) 30 s.
behind him. The latter does not wear the double crown as the space it should
occupy is filled by the extended ami of Anion.

Hoi-us »»->- X. puts the symbol of life to the king's nose. E

In two vertical lines : 31 S.

- EkP-ffiffi-S'^i^

" ... of jubilees while thou appcarcst upon the throne of Horns

' ' . . . Son of Re, whom he loves; Thntmose. Beautiful-of-Fornis, given life for ever."

In a vertical line: ^"

"... beloved of Horns lord of BnJien; given life for ever."

An ex voto of Setau (see PL 16), a viceroy of Ntibia in the reign of 31 w.
Rameses 2'''', c/. 3 N.

He stands with uplifted hands in the attitude of prayer. In front of him
are three vertical lines of inscription. Behind him his fan is still just visible.
The stone is much weather-worn.

" Doing praise to thy ka, o Horns, lord of Buhen, kissing the ground to I sis

sic

" for the ka of the Kings Son of Kush. the city overseer, Setau, triumphant . ' '

With Xo. 32 begins the series of consecutive scenes on the walls of the main 32
building. The scenes are in raised relief and the inscriptions are in vertical lines,
except when there is an explicit statement to the contrary.

A king, originally Hatshepsut, stands »-*■ X. holding a mace in the right, and
a staff in the left hand. To the north (right) of him is a king between two gods

48 BUHEN

32 (see PI. 19). Each of the gods has ^aL, hanging from his hand. In the case of the
god on the left the symbols ^, '^^, A A with Q beneath each, are suspended

from ^a5 . In the right-hand example the symbols are '^>>,

separated from one another Ijy Q, while immediately under ' ]J[J , without

intervening Q is ( O t^^^ g 1

cf. d similar scene from Semneh, L., D., Ill, 55 b, and another from Kummeh
Id., 59 a.

Behind the king on the right:

•■••ifflf

"... All life, stability ami happiness behind him like Re!"
In front of the king:

1 1

"... before him; all health before liim, all joy before him like Re!"
Behind the god on the left :

i-=-t--°E

"... All . . . behind hiui like Re."
Behind the god on the right :

"All protection, life, stability and happiness behind him like Re!"
Immediately after this :

^ |n^.^^r^o^^D-^ <^^ill

Here the inscription has been altered and the original signs that still show

are indicated in solid black type. In the original ^3:;, partly overlaps ^.

(PI. 17.) Hatshepsut wearing the double crown and holding a staff and
pear-shaped mace in her left hand, stands with right arm extended, in the attitude
of presenting the temple and its endowments to the deities who dwell within it.
{cf. Naville, Dcir El Bahari, IV, PI. 95.)

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 49

Above the queen: 33

. . beloved, given life like Re for. ever. "
In front of the queen and behind her:

" The offerings, all that enters into the temple of Horns lord of Buhen — it is pure;
that she may live like Re.'' (cf. Naville, Deir El Bahari, V, PI. 137.)

Thothmes 2"'' (?) wearing the crown of Upper Egypt and in theeame attitude 34 ~
as Hatshepsut in ^;^ (see PI. 17).

Above the king's head :

". . . Beloved, given life like Re for ever."
In front and behind the king :

" The offerings, all that enters into the temple of Horns lord of Buhen — it is
pure; that he may be given life. "

Badly executed restoration of Thothmes 3"''' (see PI. 19). 35

The king S. -*-^ embraced (?) by a god who is seated »-* N. ,

Behind the god : ■

"... the great name of his majesty upon it in electrum; that he may act like
Re for ever. ' '

Behind the king :

^ if§ll'Tf^P^--¥YfP-

"... all life, stability, happiness and health behind him! He leads all
the people that they may live. " .

The king is represented as being led into the presence of a goddess, perhaps 36
Isis (see PI. 19).

{cf. the scene in the temple of Semneh given in L., D., Ill, 56.)

50 BUHEN

36 In front of the goddess:

- ■"f^uHK-^qs....

"... Thutmose, Beautiful-of -Forms ; come thou unto us!

'■ i'-^-^j-i-ni

"... thy . . .the lords of Buhen, the gods ..."

(For a similar inscription cf. the scene in L. D., quoted above.)
37, 38 Possibly this may be a representation of Tirhaka. Compare the sandals

with those in go.
39 The king »-»- S., holding a staff in his left and a mace in his right hand, stands

behind a bull and two cows, ranged in three registers (see PI. i8).

Facing them is a god N. -«-«« . There were perhaps two bulls originally, but
the upper part of the scene is destroyed.

In horizontal lines above the first cow:
»-► 1 1 j__) I "^^^ "Incense; the white goddess of Nekhen."

The word Hdt combined with Nhn is a regular title of Nhb-t, the tutelary
vulture-goddess of Upper Egypt. For this goddess associated with incense see Ritual

c,A,„ona„d Mu, VII. fi^ ^H,;, IJP>1| Pt^r.^^SC

" The incense conies, the perfume of the god comes. . . . , the perfume of the
eye of Horns approaches thee (lit. is toivards thee), the perfume of Nekhbet (nhbt)
approaches thee that came forth from Nekheb («^6 = modern El Kab). She washes
thee, she adorns thee, she makes her seat upon thy hands. "

This cow and the bull in the register above have offerings (?) laid before them
on a mat.

Above the second cow:

^^_j\ ^ J ^"Receiving provisions (?)."

For this word ^ ^ ^ cf. ^ t=^ J ^. Pyr. M. 704. W. 499- P-n, 21

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 51

This cow is licking her calf, while a small boy rides on her head holding her 39
horns in his hands.
Behind the king :

- i^]kMtJ^?E^

"... Appearing as king of Upper and Lower Egypt upon the Horus-throne,
like Re forever. ' '

Behind the god :

^-g9M2:sf]s

• • • • • ^^^ ^^

"... [more than] that which any king has done (?) wJio came into being since
primaeval times, that thou mayest live for ever."

''"■ is ^^;^ I '- (iiii ill J ■ ■ -Mi 000 '^-=^ ' ^^

". . . Daughter of Re, Thutmose. Beautifid-of -Forms,* he made it as his
monument for his father

ikisijz^c^rzfi^i

«$s

". . . of good white stone of Nubia that he may make for himself life and happiness
for ever."

- i^CHEls ■'• ikisii™ "

^ ^ ^ ■es>- Q f, f<s ^
m m ^ A~wv> ir ^ ^
^ ^ ^ it^, 1 Ji ^ ^

"... Son of Re, Thutmose, Beautiful-of-Diadems {Thutmose 2'"^) . . . of
good white stone of . . . that he may make for himself life and happiness. ' '

Hatshepsut offers incense to a god. The block that bore the queen's likeness
has been cut out.

In front of the queen:

"Burning incense that he }nay live in happiness for ever." Lit., "that he may
make life, ' ' etc.

Bad work of Thothmcs S"'. A goddess seated on a throne embraces a king. 43

*The cartouche has been altered and the personal suffixes of verbs changed from feminine
to masculine.

52 ' BUHEN

44' •:.•.. Bad work of Thothmes 3""^(seePl. 19).

The king »->- W. between two goddesses »->- W. E. -<-«» ; all three seated.

The dais supporting the throne is decorated with nine ^^-birds, each resting on
On the east sideof the group:

- in\^^Pffi~l--^ffi-IP^

. . . "his throne. He hath advanced tliec at the, head of what he hath formed*

'■ i^k-s:f]'5'-!E^

"... thai thou mayest live, thy heart being joyful, like Re for ever.''
On the west side of the group: -«-«

"... like heaven, I am like the situ's disk in it '^. . . in the years of his
appearance that thou mayest live like Re for ever.

In 1. I D is green. A restorer has painted 0 over it in red. O in (I

red, and is a restoration; sc. (J

45' The Coronation Scene (see PI. 20).

Hatshepsut »->- E. (changed to Thothmes 2""^) kneels with her back towards
a god seated upon a throne and with his hand laid on her shoulder. Before them
stands the In -mwt-f, wearing a leopard's skin; his right arm is extended, and
with his left hand he holds a leg of the skin. Between the priest and the queen

is the symbol J upon which rests -jc^ supporting OO. (In L.,D., Ill, there is

a similar scene from the temple of Thothmes 3"^ at Semneh.) The god and the
queen are on a dais which is decorated with kneeling hawk-headed genii, with their

name, ''^ ''^ ^^^ © , 5 iw .V/?n, wTitten above them. Interspersed between

them is the following inscription :

"Formula: They give all life and happiness in their presence, all stability in
their presence."

*0r "at the head of his offspring. "

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT
Behind Amon and the kneehng queen in a vertical hne :

" [7 have put thy fear] in the lands of the Asiatics (f), thy terror in the bodies of
them that know [thee] not." (c/. Sethe, Urkunden, IV, 200-1.)

The last sign ^^ has been altered. Wings like those of ^^ have been added
to it in paint and they cover one 1. leaving the other clear. Sethe, Urkunden, IV,
214, reads n ^^^ ^^ ; but the signs given here are quite clear in the original.

In front of the priest :

^:^

ffi

" He gives life to [Makere] who lives. -Appearing [in] the white crown, receiving
the red crown. "

(^ has been superimposed upon ^ , the cartouche has been changed to that
oi Thothmes 2"'' and nearly all the signs have undergone some alteration.
Behind the priest :

,<S>. AAAAAA <:;;^>

A/vv^A^ AAAAVi

i^H=f;i:^

". . . which she has done for thee, thou hast givoi him rule . . ."
This inscription has been altered. After -f- ,there are traces of ji_

The king »-*■ N. before a god S. -«-■ . This scene appears to have been 46
altered by Thothmes 3''''. The sculpture is bad and the painting careless. No
details are put in and in many places the colours are smeared beyond the edges
of the signs and figures, on to the background.

54 BUHEN

47 The king S. -*-« stands between a goddess »-*■ N. and a god S. -«-•

He is represented as a naked boy. The goddess embraces him and the god
holds his left arm above the elbow.
On the extreme left:

..." all life, stability, and happiness. I have (?) filled Jhee with brilliance

'■ E^-li^^ifff^AS,

"... within the peaceful years ivliich (?) I Jiave given thee. "

^'* f f f ^ cf. ^ -^ f f f ^ ^== = "-4/ the beginning of the peaceful

years," in Naville, Deir El Bahari, III, 'PI. 62, 11. 33-4; and cf. Breasted, New
Chapter, U ntersuchungen , II, p. 24.

Behind the goddess: »^-^ -mjo ^V\ ('"T^^^^^^fS

".4// protection, life, stability, happiness and health behind her like Re/"

Behind the god : <-^ I f ^ ""^ ® 8

" . . .all life behind him like Re!"

48 ^—^ mt^iHii

B^^n~w '■ i(MiI]

A c^

". . . Menkheperre, beloved of Horns, [lord of Biihen '^ . . . Thntmose,
Beautifid-of-Forms; beloved of Annkis, mistress of Southern Elephantine."*

Under this inscription and separated from it by the sign 1^=^ is the name
of the door in two horizontal lines.

" The door of Menkheperre: ' In peace before [Horns].' "

*ibw rsy "Southern Elephantine" must be some place of importance in this region,
corresponding to Elephantine (^bw) at the first cataract. It was perhaps the "Island of
Adendan " or one of the larger islands of the second cataract (?).

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 55

tm(^i^-]^^i^\M

"... king of Upper and Lower Egypt Okhepernere {Thutmose 2"^), ^beloved
of Horus lord of Buhen,

'■ M%,(MIS}xYn inji

. . . "son of Re, Thutmose, Beautifid-of-Diadems; beloved of Anukis, mistress of
Southern Elephantine. "

Beneath this in two horizontal Unes:

" The door of Okheperkare {Thutmose V): ' In peace before Horns.' "
The tisvial figure of the Nile-god carrying a tray upon which is a loaf of 50
bread (fl) between two j) -vases (see PI. 20). From his hands and amis

hang three water-plants (?) terminating in -r- Between them is a T -sceptre,

the head of which rising from behind fl, is level with the tops of the 0--vases.
In front of him is the following inscription:

" Formula: I have brought to ilicc [aW] tlic good food that is in me. He {the
god) gives all life.

Between the word df'-w "food" and nfr, the three plural strokes and n 6
should probably be restored.

For a similar inscription cf. X^ | ^^= Ij "V^^ ^ Jl fl-
Naville, Deir El Bahari, ^^ PI. 128.

- i^MG^^-'J^-M^Afa

"... gladness. King of Upper and Lower Egypt Menkheperre, beloved of
Horus lord of Bidien, given life for ever

- i:£z(MIMitii^WL^:£i

"[his son of] his body whom he loves, Thutmose, Beautifid-of -Forms, beloved of
Isis the god's mother, given life for ever."

*The feiTi-/ of mryt has been erased, showiiT.,' t!iat the cartouches were originally Hatshepsut's.

56 BUHEN

". . .gladness. King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okhepernere (Thuimose 2"'');
beloved of Horus lord of Buhen; given life for ever

(MBETa-^^i^j^fm

"... [his daughter] of his body whom lie loves, Thutmose; beloved of Mlk-t,
mistress of Pr-nw; given life for ever" (see PI. 20).

The feminine terminations are intact, i. e., mryt and '^ nh-t i. The cartouches
were originally Hatshepsut's, while those in 51 were Thothmes 2"'''^ That the
latter have been altered is quite plain. They were not Hatshepsut's, for there are
no traces of feminine terminations. Apparently instructions were given by
Thothmes 3"^ to substitute the name of Thothmes 2"'' for that of Hatshepsut.
At a later date he inserted his own name in various places and in this case had
Thothmes 2"''''' cartouche erased to make room for his own.

53,54 Exact repetitions of 37 and 38.

siEl^'-J-r^JIAfS

" . . . Okhepernere {Thothmes 2'"'); beloved of Horus lord of Buhen; given
life eternally. ' '

The cartouche is on an erasure.

"... beloved (fem.) 0/ [Horus] lord of Buhen; living (fem.) for ever . . .
beloved (fem.) of [Isis] the god's mother; living (fem.) for ever. "

This inscription of course refers to Hatshepsut.

" - I J^^q^Af ^ '■ IT?^® i ^i^AfS

" . . . ; beloved of Horus lord of Buhen; given (masc.) life for ever . . .
beloved of [Satis (J)] mistress of Southern Elephantine;''^ given (mase.) life for
ei'er. ' '

*cf. 4S, footnote.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 57

The king S. -«-• offers two _^0»vases of wine to a god seated. In front of the 58
god is a tray of offerings consisting of fruit, vegetables, a duck, a calf's head
and cakes of bread. The usual joints of meat were probably also represented in
the part now destroyed. Beneath the tray are a vase with a long curved spout
placed on a wooden (?) stand, and two rz-cups upon tall pottery (?) ^-shaped
stands (see PI. 21).

Behind the king:

"All protection and life behind him, like Re for ever!"
In front of the king:

"Giving wine. " ,

The painting and sculpture are badly executed restorations of Thothmes 3'''^.

A king embraced by a goddess, who was represented as putting the symbol ^^
of life to his nose, as we can see by the accompanying inscription, in a vertical
line, behind her :

:lJ-fl°>

" Unto thy nose, o good god, [. ? . .?]. "

A long scene representing the king before a sacred barque.* In front of him 60
are the sacrificed ca.ttle with their legs tied. Two are still preserved intact and
there are traces of a third alnfiost entirely destroyed. Jvidging from the joints
placed above the second and third victim, some of the carcases have already been
cut up. Next to these is a large libation-vase with a long spout, placed upon a
wooden (?) stand, and following this two ^-cups on tall pottery Y. shaped stands.
Next in order is the stone altar-shaped rest for the sacred l)arque, upon which
are engraved the names of Thothmes 3''''. cf. a similar scene from Semneh,
L., D., Ill, 49.

*The barque has been completely destroyed. Only the stand on which it rested remains
(see PI. 21).

58 BUHEN

Behind the king:

«■ if!lf---t

"... all life, stability and happiness behind him like Re!''
In front of the king:

I 05

£f 1

I I

"bread, beer, flesh and jowl for Horns, lord of the South Land."

Above the second victim: />aa~w ZS >> "/I young long-horned ox."
(c/. M. A. Murray, Sakkarah Mastabas, Part I, PI. i.)

Above the third victim: A,^^v^A [1 ^ ".4 young i w i -bull."
(See note on io6, p. 73, and M. A. Mun-ay, op. cit., PI. 22).
Inscription on pedestal of sacred barque:

1J ¥

^:^^

^ ^

r -\

n ^

(la

J ra

,u.^

sil

AW^^^

V ^

^ ^

m Aft

"Good god, Alenkheperre; son of Re, Thutmose. Beautifid-of-Form; given
life like Re for ever. "

The signs ^ ""^^^ to ^(J(j face

Immediately behind this pedestal :

...ifBl

r-~r\yi

"... all life, stability atid happiness, all health, all joy -.
lands, the Hi-nbw

all foreign

Ifl^

illl^'- i>^l^¥TfPM

'WWV\

"^ . . are under the feet of this good god ^ . . all the common people (rhy-t)
adore that they may live." (cf. Naville, Deir El Bahari, III, PI. 85; and L., D..
TIT. sol'.)

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 59

A king advances W. -«-■ , his right hand being held by a god and his left 61
by a goddess.

The work is of the good style of Hatshepsut, so probably represents
Thothmes 2"'^.

Beneath the clasped hands of the king and god:

"^ ^"^^^ ^^^"^^^ li

" Unto thy nostril, a good god. "

Behind the goddess:

-- l-^kflStlTE^

"... tliy . . . ill life and happiness, that thou tnaycst live like Re for ever. "

"... Menkheperre; beloved of Horns lord of Bnhcu; given life for ever.''

The cartouche is on an erasure. There is no trace of a feminine terinination
after niry, so the original name was probably that of Thothmes 2"''.

• -^ — Ji% 000 s^. (^ __ y (I ^(

"... She made it as [her] moiinineiit for . . . [of the good white stone] of
^n (i. c, fine limestone) ; that she may be given life. "

i? I I^Mi j-.^_s!^i^ lii c^£, _^yi

"... Thutmose 2'"' (.?); she made it as . . . "... good ii'liitc limestone;
that she might be given life. . . ."

63 and 64 were originally, of course, dedication inscri])tions of Hatshepsut.

60 BUHEN

65 The king »-* S. before the goddess Mik't (cf. 52).

In front of the king:

"Giving the sb't to Mik't that he may be given life."

(For the symbol called sb-t see L., D., IV, 30 e.)
The king »->- W. makes offering to a god.
Behind the king:

i-'>,^^J^-2^(

" . . . all . . . appearing upon the Horus-throne, like Re for ever."
In front of the king:

"Giving . . . that he may be given life."
Behind the god:

i[s^^]??™ll^^i^il^?ESi

" . . .a shrine {iwnn) for hi)n who fashioned him, I cause thee to appear
upon the Horns-throne, like Re for ever."

67 The king W. ■*-^ (originally Hatshepsvit) offers wine to a goddess standing.

Behind the king:

ifSlf-^TESi

"All . . . life, stability and happiness behind her, like Re for ever."
In front of the king:

y//.'/A

4*1 Td

"Giving wine. "

The signs look as though they had been tampered with, and are badly cut.
68 The king mh^- W. offers to a god and goddess, both standing.

Behind the kine:

. all health behind him, like Re!"

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT ' 61

In front of the king: 68

ikJjsrAf^

"[Offering] a }i itt s -t vase that he may be given life for ei'er."
Behind the god:

i^flkfSl-?ISl

"... before me in all life, stability and happiness, like Re for ever".
Behind the goddess:

III . Tir

IPTf-

".4// . . . happiness and health behind her, like Re for ever."

-* iMsR^^s^sj-s-wa

"... king of Upper and Lower Egypt Okhepernere {Thutmose 2'"'), beloved
for ever of Horns in the midst of Buhcn.

^-g(3^itMx-?^^i n^m

"... son of Re of his body, Thutmose, the Avenger; beloved for ever of Satis,
mistress of Southern Elephantine. ' '

WKn '■ i®.^i YMfl

/wvw-

chilli =.1 ^- M«?a-^\"-^ ^\Mltl ^1

"... beloved for ever of [Horns lord of Bti\hen, . . . beloved for ever of
[Satis mistress o/] Southern Elephantine. ' '

m(7u^^^j^Ui\^]^

"... king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okhepernere {Thutmose 2"''); beloved
(fern.) of Horus lord of Buhen; living (fem.) for ever."

The cartouche is on an erasure. The original name must have been
Hatshepsut's on account of the feminine terminations.

Hatshepsut »-*■ W. changed to Thothmcs 2'"' offers a bandage to a god ^2
standing.

62 BUHEN

73 Thothmes 2°'' before a god (see PI. 22).

Behind the king:

■ If^^J^^E!^

" . . . appearing upon the Horus-throne, like Re for ever."
In front of the king:

'& •

ik55!?rAf^

"... in the , \ (f) that he may be given life for ever."

A king, originally Hatshepsut, before a god (see PL 22). The restored
figure of the king is bad, and the painting is very coarse. The signs and the figure
of the god, Hatshepsut 's work, are in excellent style.

Behind the king:

- IPTf— '°2

"... all happiness and health behind her like Re. ' '
The 5 after hi "behind" is imperfectly erased.
In front of the king:

"Natron: four balls. Take to the shoulder. Encircle him four times. Twice
pure is Horus. ' '

Behind the god:

- io^/f)inr=°^(fif^sf I

"... this [thy name] among gods, this tJiy name amongst the living iliat thou mayest
be given life. ' '

cf. Sethe, Urkunden, IV, 201. = after ;^^ is imperfectly erased. The

s=> after ^s>- has been erased, and a very badly cut ^r:;* superimposed.
'■s Thothmes 2"'' i^-*- N. before a god (see PI. 23).

iiiirj I I m

. . . fotir times. Twice pure is Horus. ' '

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 63

A king •-*- N., originally Hatshepsut, before Horus of Buhen (see PI. 23). "^^
Behind the king is his ka in human form holding an ostrich feather M and the
usual staff terminating in a man's head (cf. L., D., Ill, 21). Upon the head of the
ka the symbol LJ upon a perch supported the king's Horus-name which is broken
away.

On the girdle of the ^a-figure is ^^ 1, "/Ac* king's ka."

Behind the king is the end of the usual formula :

^ I ^

In front of the king:

']m-'^^^''^f-inu^

" Incense. Take to the shoulder. Encircle him four times. Twice pure is
Horus!"

Behind the god:

"... that thy heart may be joyful, that thou niayest lead the living, like Re
for ever. ' '

Thothmes 2"'^, W. -»-• , before Horus who is standing »->■ E. (see PI. 23). 77
Above the king:

In front of the king:

"An offering which the king gives. f A thousand of bread and beer. A thousand
of flesh and fowl. A thousand of everything good and sweet. ' '

Above Horus:

>*-*■ ti -a ^ I U S& ~^

II I

64 BUHEN

78 Thothmes 2°'', N. *^ , before a god standing -^ S. (see PI. 23).

Behind the kins: in a vertical Hne:

ifE '■l.^i^-'f-

"... like Re. Appearing on the Horns-throne, like Re for ever.''
In front of the king :

iB^^'^"'^'^M^^ "iiiifjii-^

"... dsr-t-vase {?). Take to the shoulder. Encircle him jour times.
Twice pure is Horns!''

79 A king, -«-« S., originally Hatshepsut, before a god standing N.

Behind the kingj •--=-; '

|oi

"... like Re for ever."
In front of the king:

5S& I •• 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 .^

"... Take to the shoulder . . . Twice pure is Horns. ' '
Behind the god:

EPT--^f|f|Sl

"... all health, before me, ivhilc thou livcst for ever. "

South of this is a fragment of another scene. Only one leg, the right hand,
part of the kilt and the ceremonial tail of a god are preserved. Behind him
is a single stream of water in a zigzag line {cj. Naville, Deir El Bahari, II,
PI. 450-

-* IJ^Ufl^f]^

"... beloved \oj Horns, lord o/] Buhcn, living (fem.) for ever."

The feminine tennination shows that this inscription contained the name of
Hatshepsut.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 65

(En crenx.) A king, W. -«-« , completely erased, before a god who stands 8i

»-»- E. holding 1 in his left and ■¥• in his right hand. Between them are two

offering tables indicated in paint as was also probably the figure of the king
over the erasure. Behind the king there are traces of yet another figiore, the ka,
which has been almost completely hammered out.

Behind the king was a vertical line of inscription now erased.

{En creux) A king, »-*■ W. before Horus of Buhen. Behind the king is his ^
ka, a human figure carrying the Horus-name (destroyed) on his head. He
resembles in every respect the ^a-figure in 76.

Behind the king:

-^ If'f'''^®^ "... life behind him like Re!"

, In front of the king :

^ . . . ..^ Ji O '^-^^ 1 —V

" ... to Horus lord of Buhen, that he may live for ever."
Behind the god:

- ymiTiTS^S

"... the great Ennead, that thou ntayest act like Re for ever. "
The scenes 81 and 82 are finely cut and quite different to the coarse cti creux
work of Thothmes 3"^ in this temple.

All the inscriptions upon the columns on the north and south sides of the
main building seem to have been tampered with. It is difficult to say to what
extent, as the surface of the stone is so weathered; but it looks as though an
earlier inscription has, in many cases, been erased, and a later superimposed. In
certain instances the later inscription has never been added and the erased surface
is left plain to see.

In a vertical line, incised: 83

"... beloved of Mont; strong of heart, mastering the foe, king of Upper and
of Lower Egypt, Menkhcperre, beloved of Horus lord of Buhen, given life for ever. "

66 BUHEN

84 In a vertical line, incised:

(I=I]¥-sz(MiEI^'

J™-1l^4^,H^

"... king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menkheperre; son of Re, of his body
whom he loves, Thutmose, Beautifrd-of -Forms, beloved of Horus the great god, lord of
the South Land. "

85 In a vertical line, incised:

"... Atum, upon his throne, king of Upper and Lower Egypt Menkheperre,
beloved of Horus lord of Buhen, prince of gods; given life like Re for ever. ' '

86 In a vertical line, incised:

"... Buhen. He erected the august pillars of stone anew, that he might be
given life for ever.

87 In a vertical line, incised:

"... like Re in heaven, beloved of Satis, mistress of So^ithern Elephantine
{ibw rsy), given life for ever."

88, 89 Blank.

90 Blocks sculptured en creux, in a style quite different from that of the other

scenes in the temple. Kneeling before a god (see PI. 24) is represented a king
whose features strongly resemble those given to Tirhaka in the portraits
already known. It seems possible that these may be the remains of a temple or
chapel of which there are no other traces surviving. The king offers a vase of
wine to the seated god, who holds the symbol of life to the king's nose.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 67

In a vertical line, incised: 91

"... like him who is in Hesret (a sacred quarter of Hermopolis. Hnty Hsri
is Thoth), king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Okhepernere ; beloved of Mont, lord of
Thebes; given life for ever. ' '

^^r?^"^l'-^MS(°°8ul¥

"... possessor of joy, lord of diadems; taking the white crown; king of
Upper and Lower Egypt; lord of the two lands, Menkheperkerc; son of Re,

C^mj^^i-^\mt:Ey

"Thutmose, Beautiful-of -Forms ; beloved of Horns lord of Buhen; given life
eternally. ' '

• • , 93. 94

Inscriptions erased.

ik^m^rB

" . . .to him that praised him, king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menkheperkerc,
beloved of Anukis, mistress of Southern Elephantine, given life for ever. "

96,97

Blank, or else the inscription has been erased.

(See PI. 25.) Hatshepsut ■»->- W. (cut out) offers young IniUs to a god.
The bulls are secured by ropes attached to their fore-legs and the queen holds

the ends of the ropes which terminate in -¥• . Behind her is her A'a-symbol.

(For the scene cf. Naville, Dcir El Bahari, VI, PI. 161.)

The colour of each bull is written in front of him, i. e. '"^ "red," I "white,"
«= "black," respectively.

68 BUHEN

98 Behind the queen:

Tliil

"... tliat ilioii (?) mayest live in stability, happiness and health; thy heart
being joyful like Re for ever. ' '

The \<=^ of ^^^^^ is an alteration for s=^ . The '==^ of (^

was originally s= • , and is cut in a depression caused by the erasure of the
fern, suffix.
99 Thothmes 2°"^ •^ W. before Isis [?].

Behind the king:

-- ifiif— :e

. . .all life, stability and happiness behind him like Re.
In front of the king:

-* r-'^'7\^-itr:^^Lt

"... tivo [ • • • ] vases to Isis, tlie god's mother, that he may be given life."

100 Hatshepsut »->■ W. presents an offering-stand to Horus. The block that

bore the queen's portrait has been cut out.
Behind the queen:

i,Y4^'-^jkrg^

"... appearing upon the Horus-tJirone like^Relfor ever."
In front of the qvieen:

n\f~%^]~'i'^Lf

[" Presenting] an offering-table to Horns lord of Buhen, that he (alteration) may
be given life. ' '

merely approximates the form of this sign in the original. It represents

a wooden rack upon which is a 0-vase between two ^•'vases. (See Griffith.
Hieroglyphs, p. 54, Fig. 126.)

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 69

Thothmes 2""^ »-*■ W. offers white bread to Aniikis. loi

Behind the king:

mnt'-^-i^

"... all happiness and health behind him, like Re for ever!"
In front of the king:

Ilo A^2^T?^i®^Af

" [Offering] white bread to Anukis, mistress of Southern Elephantine, that he

may be given life. ' '

Hatshepsut »-*- W. before a goddess. In this case also the block bearing 102
her portrait has been removed. The whole scene is so damaged and weather-worn
that scarcely any details are discernible. The goddess is probably Seshit, for she
wears a panther skin, the two paws and tail of which are still visible.

Behind the queen:

- i:?;^-!!

In front of the queen:

- • UU ....

The king is depicted as presenting the model of a temple to a goddess (see 103
PI. 25). What is left of the offering shows a gateway, and the lower part of an
oval which doubtless represents the wall of the temple enclosure. The king holds
a long staff and mace in one hand ; of the latter only the stick remains. In front

of his feet note the symbol y , furnished with two hands offering a pot of

incense.

Behind the king is the end of the usual formula:

" EJf-— ?2

Behind this is the ^a-symbol on a pole supporting the Horus-name (c/. 108).

BUHEN

104 A king, «e-^ W., originally Hatshepsut, before a god. The block bearing the

queen's portrait has been cut out and replaced by another (see PH. 25, 26).

In front of the king:

CZi

c^ 1 I

A-rfl?t^

"... a shrine (?) to his lord that he may live happily like Re for ever"
The first '^-=^ has clearly been substituted for — «— , as has also | for \-

105 Thothmes 1^' »-^ W., holding two 0- vases, dances before Satis {see PI. 26).

For the Vsceptre surmounted by Q and -^^ cf. Naville, Dcir El Bahari, IV, PI. 99,
where Hathor is depicted with a similar sceptre.

Above the king's shoulder:

" . . like Re for ever. "
Behind the king:

" All protection, life, stability, happiness and health behind him like Re!"

(For the symbols behind the king's head see L., D., Ill, ^li gJ and for those
under the king's elljow Griffith, Hieroglyphs, p. 64, Fig. 36.)

Above the king:

"Strong \bull\ beloved of truth;
beloved (fern.) ..."

Okheperkere {Thutmose 2"'');

The cartouche Okheperkere has been substituted for Hatshepsut's. Note
the feminine mryt, "beloved."

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 71

In front of the king: ^^^

" Offering a libation to Satis, mistress of Southern Elephantine, that he may be
given life.

The O in i'fcw rsy should be barrel-shaped. The '^'=— in 1^ is on an
erasure.

Above Satis:

-- §tW '■ c^^^i: '• smm

"... Beloved of [?] - . . . [mistress of] Southern Elephantine ^. . king
of Upper and Lower Egypt; lord of the two lands.

Behind Satis:

" . . . as a pious daughter doth for her father, establishing a shrine for'Jiim
who formed him (altered), who caused that he (altered) should appear upon the Horus-
throne like Re for ever."

The various alterations and traces of feminine suffixes make it quite clear that
not Thothmes 1", but Hatshepsut, was originally depicted here.

A king W. -<-« offers birds and cattle, arranged in three rows, to a god »-^ E. 106
(see PI. 27). Behind the king is the /?a-symbol, for a better example of which
see L., D., Ill, 55 b.

Behind the king:

ifSlf-tl

" . . .all life, stability and health behind him like Re for ever!"
In front of the king and immediately behind the birds and cattle:

li_rKT"^^«'wAf5i

"... when a house makes presents to its master, that he may be given life. ' '

72 BUHEN

106 This refers to the presentation of firstfruits on New Year's Day (see

Griffith, Sint I, 289).

In the first row there are 3 cranes, 4 geese and 3 gazelles. Above the last is

1 Ci I

" [The firstfruits of] the upland. "

In the second row there are 3 short-horn oxen, 3 ibexes and 3 oryxes.

Above the oxen :

/vww\ f^-^ J I

" Yoiaig oxen (wn-dw) of the firstfruits of the water-meadows."

For the word wn-dw see Breasted, Records, II, § 723, 742; III, §413, and for

cf. + %'^^^^-^-ft-" NaviUe, Deir El Bahari, V, PI. 140.

Mr [?] (or perhaps we should read the word as p h[?]) must be the marshy
ground left Ijy the inundation, or else irrigated land.
Above the ibexes:

(Wv'vVN 71

"FoM»g ibexes" (n^w).

For Mjtt' see Brugsch, iro>irr6. . Suppl., p. 679.

Above the oryxes:

i ^A y^ K^ O I O I

" I'oxnzg oryxes (in ihd) of tJie firstfruits of the upland. "

For nijhd see Beni Hasan, I, PI. 27.

In the third row^ there are three bulls with long wide-sjireading horns, and
three other bulls with horns of more usual shape. Both kinds wear collars round
their necks with long tassels hanging down in front. For similar collars see M. A.
Murray, Sakkara Mastabas, I, PI. 10.

Above the first group of bulls:

A^/v.^, (J i I /www ___g^ ' ^

" Young Iwi-bulls of the firstfruits of the water-meadows."

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 73

M. A. Mvuray, Sakkara Mastabas, I, p. 35, gives cwi as the short-horned 106
ox; but see PI. 22 of that work, bottom row, right side, for a good representation
of antwi-buU. See also Brugsch, Worierb., Suppl., p. 35, where he states that
Iwi is used for the males of the other cattle beside oxen, and gives examples.

Above the second group of bulls:

" Young long-horned oxen of the firstfrnits of the water-meadows. "

cf. inscription above second victim in 60.

Hatshepsut W. -«-• holding three staves dances before Satis. The main
part of the queen's figure was cut out and what was left erased. Then another block
was substituted and Thothmes 2°'^ or 3'''* replaced Hatshepsut. This has fallen
out and disappeared. With the original figure, of which there are still traces,
compare Naville, Deir El Bahari, IV, PI. 97 ; and L., D., Ill, 57 b, which shows a
scene from Kummeh temple, where the king is represented dancing before Hathor
holding symbolic staves and a crested ibis.

Behind the king:

^ lfff^-!S^

"... all the living like Re for ever. ' '
In front of the king:

«■ ii?-xT?s^i:rAf.

" [Offering] wine to Satis, mistress of Southern Elephantine. That he may be
given life.

107

^^^^^ is on an erasure.
Behind Satis:

-* |0-D^^^|,ftl^f)^

" . . [f] before] him in all life, stability and happiness while thou livest like Ri
for ever. ' '

cf. a similar inscription in 32.

^nhti is 2°'^ pers. sing, common gender of the Psd-partic. or else 3"* pers.
sing. fern.

BUHEN

108 Thothmes V\ W. ■*-» (for his figure see PL 27) pours a libation on to an

offering table before Horus of Buhen.

Behind the king:

..iff

Immediately behind this is the ^a-symbol upon a pole supporting the
Horus-name.

[1.]

n II n

''[Horus, strong bull,] beloved of truth/'
In front of the king:

^ o

rvWVAA

" . . . consisting of (?) incense and a tiins-t-vase (?) to Horus lord of Btihen. "

109 A king, W. -«-eK (see PI. 27), l^efore a goddess who has been erased; between

them is an offering-table upon which are slices of bread. (See Griffith,
Hieroglyphs, p. 54, Fig. 126.)
Behind the king:

^111

}%.m'i'i^n

"... wJiile thou appcarcst as king of Upper and Lower Egypt upon the Horus-
throne like Re ."

Aljove the oft'ering table:

". . . that he may be given life."
Behind the goddess:

mm '-' ffl ^ ■= -^^z^ T LA I

"... [Amon], lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands that thou niayest be
given life like Re for ever.

TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT

-shrines on sledges to Horus of no

Hatshepsut (cut away) W. ^-^ presents
Buhen (see PL 28).

Behind the queen is her ^a-symbol which originally bore her Horus-name, but
now bears that of Thothmes 3''''.

nlln

"[StroJtg bull, crozi'itcd] in Thebes. "
In front of Horus :

■?

-e-

/WW\A

" . . .to Honis, lord of Buhen, that lie may be given life."

Thothmes 2"'', W. -^-« (see PI. 28), holding a paddle and A , dances before
Neith. The goddess has been erased.
Behind the king:

"All protection and life behind him."
This js followed by :

-- ifAtTE

" • • • [?] gi'v^n lifs lik^ Ke for ever. "
(For the first sign see Griffith, Hieroglyphs, p. 59, Fig. 14.)
Immediately behind these is a representation of the king's ka supporting the
Horus-name :

1 «

nlln

"Strong bull, great of valour."

76 BUHEN

111 In front of the king:

- S^Y?^<5}';-Af

" . . .to Neith, mistress of Southern Elephantine that he may be given life. "
Behind Neith:

...i^flPT^^^'^-~°

O I

before me, all health before me, his heart being joyful like Re for ever.

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III

FRAGMENTARY INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN AND NEAR THE
TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT

Various fragmentary sandstone stelae and small parts of inscriptions were
lying about in Hatshepsut's temple, left there by the previous excavators. These
were of small value, but to decrease the danger of their being stolen, we collected
them together and buried them under a inetre of rubbish against the western
precinct wall of the temple, between it and the rear wall of the main stone
building. The following is a list of the pieces :

A small rectangular stela, showing a man standing ■*-» , who offers a bowl
upon which are three triangular-shaped cakes. In his right hand he holds the
bowl, in his left a lotus-flower and two buds. In front of him is the following
inscription in five vertical lines: -t-«

"An offering which the king gives! Horns, lord of Bulien, great god, lord of
heaven. By the King's Son of Kush, Amenemopet, triumphant,

" begotten of the folloivcr Huy, who hath received a good old age."

The only viceroy of Kush of this name, so far as we know, was the Amenemopet
who held office in the reigns of Sety P' and Rameses 2"'' (<:/. Breasted, Ancient
Records, III, p. 89, note b.)

The name of Amenemopet 's father as given elsewhere is different, see L.,
D., 1766.

\y.~-^^!\Tl = !\la^^^l^,

(77)

78 BUHEN

2 Two fragments with part of a vertical line of inscription:

*^ • • • I ^^ I .<2^ 'l i

"... //;e //car/ . . . the eyes [seeing] the ears hearing, for the ka of tlie chief
lady of the Harlniof Amon . . ."
3 A small stela, showing a man [?] (effaced) who offers to Horus seated on a

throne h>-^ .

Beneath them in a horizontal line:

: I
_ I

"A}i offering ivhich tlie king gives! Horns lord of Bnltcn, Renent mistress of food,
may they grant a funeral meal of bread, beer, flesh and fowl, everything good and
pure on which the god lives."
4 Two fragments of a sandstone stela. The g:-ound is painted red and the signs

and figures are yellow.

(a) Rameses 2"'^ «*-* offers two 0- vases to Amon, who stands, holding 1

in his right and ir in his left hand.

In front of the god's head-dress is:

K]"^^ \ ra 0 '\-\mon of Buhen.''

In front of Rameses 2"'^, in a vertical line, his cartouches:

Qi^r^Cu^MIl

. . . U sermaatre Sctepnere, lord of diadems, Rameses Meryamon.
(b) This piece shows part of the cornice. Upon it is the figure of Horus of
Buhen standing a»-^ and wearing the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt.

In front of Horus is:

^-:^ I ra 2 '^ Horns lord of Buhen."

In front of the king, who is broken away, his name: = ( O is^f^ J ^~~^ $ ^
*For| I = \^\. see Lanzone, I, p. 472, et seq.

INSCRIPTIONS FOUND NEAR THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 79

A fragment of an ex voto (?). The sculpture is en creux and in the style of 5
the New Empire. It shows the upper part of a kneeling figure, whose hands
are raised in adoration.

Above his head is the end of a vertical line of inscription :

_ _ _ _ I /»vwv> ^^^ ^^ — /I ^ I o=3 " [For the ka of] Hernekht triumphant. ' '

A fragment showing the feet of a king and of a deity. Below this are the signs : 6

lEI^^J-ry

"... Siptah, beloved of Horns lord of Buhen."

In the buildings adjoining Hatshepsut's temple on the south and west {cf.
p. 102) were found several fragments of New Empire inscriptions. The numbers in
brackets are the numbers under which they are catalogued in the University Museum.

A stela of very coarse workmanship representing two figures seated one on 7
either side of an offering-table and facing one another. Each holds a lotus-flower
in one hand and a napkin (?) in the other. There are traces of an attendant
standing behind the chair of the left hand figure. (10989).

Above the heads are parts of the last two lines of a horizontal inscription:

_ SIC

• • • f J — I 1 1 Jiiti I I I I ^^ i ^ • ' • is^ III ^ d) *s^^' ^

AAA/\AA ^'vvv^^ xC^

"... pure, on which the god lives; that wJiich heaven gives . . .of all his
good provisions for the ka of the commandant of Buhen, the king's ..."

Above the table, and the lotus-flower in the hand of the figure on the left:

"^ "^ ""^ fli P ^ "^ ""^ o ^ ^ " Hw son Mes. His son Teti. ' '

Opposite the face of the figure on the right : | ' ■ „ I | |

A fragment with a vertical line of inscription, to the immediate right of which 8
is a man »->- dressed in the full skirt of the later New Empire fashion. He
appears to be offering flowers (?) to some divinity. (10990.)

"... Superintendent of the court stable, Wefitawat, triumphant eternally. "
For the title cf. 16 S., ex voto; and for the name see Lieblein, Namenworterbuch.
Suppl., 21 14.

BUHEN

9 The right-hand side of the upper part of a stela with, rounded top. It

represents Rameses 2"'^, wearing the crown of Upper Egypt, offering two vases of
wine. The figure of the king is broken away below the shoulders. (1099 1.)
Above the kingr's head are his cartouches:

Lord of iJic Two Lands
U sermaatre Setepncre

QUI

Lord of diadems

1 1

Rameses Mery anion

i^^l

In front of the king is:

I I

□ g I " Offering wine.

A fragment of what had been the statuette of a sitting figure in black basalt
(10992). The following signs are preserved:

=C>(JiO a^c^ LJ fl . . . . .

" May he grant a funeral meal for the ka of ..."

Fragment of a large stela on which are the cartouches of Amenhotep 3'
(10993):

" Amenhetep-heq-wast.

1 ffi

Nebmaatre. ' '

l^^kl2

The first cartouche was originally "Nebmaatre", but has been erased and
made into " Amenhetep-heq-n'ast."

12 Fragment with the following inscription in two vertical lines (10994):

i 4

M $ ^.
f i i

" . . . . Mighty of ride, lord of foreign countries, lord of the Two

Lands, Uscrniaatre-niery- Anion {Rameses 3'''^)."

INSCRIPTIONS FOUND NEAR THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT 81

A stela, with round top, bearing the following inscription of Amenhotep 3'''' 13
(10995):

I Mill I !5sxr^ \ )s^ = V ^f i J >a

" Fear 5, month i, third season of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of the
Two Lands, Nebmaatre, the son whom he loves,

(=Jnif]f(^M^Af°i^

" [Amenhetep-heq-wast (erased) ], beloved of the gods of Wawat, given life like Ri for
ever. ' '

A stela, with round top, showing scenes in two registers. 14

In the upper register, a man -t-« with uplifted hands adores Horus, lord of

Buhen, who is seated. In front of the god is a stand with offerings and above

him, in two vertical lines, the inscription:

J^- ^-11

" Horus lord of Buhen, great god, lord of heaven, lord of truth. "
Above the worshipper, in four vertical lines:

" The cuirass-maker* Nefer-renpet" .

Lower register. A tray, supported on two tall pottery ( ?) stands. Upon the
tray are cakes of bread, a calf's head and a haunch of meat. To the right of these
are two women -<-« , the foremost of whom holds a tambourine and the hindmost
a bouquet.

In front of the first woman is «-->- followed, in a vertical line, by:

" The lady of the house, the singer Tanezemt ' '

*For the interpretation of this word t y r y n we are indebted to Dr. Roeder of Berlin,
who quotes Borchardt, " Ahkanaanitische Fremdworter im Aegyptischen," II, 58, No. 1162.

82 BUHEN

In front of the second woman, in a vertical line, is ;

" The singer, Tabesa. "

The name means "She who belongs to (the god) Bes. " The sign si is in
hieratic form on the stela.

We may mention in this place a stela now in the British Musetim, presented
by Sir Charles Holled Smith, K. C. M. G., in 1887. It is entered in the "Guide to
the Egyptian Galleries (sculpture)" as No. 102 1, and has been illustrated in "The
Egyptian Sudan" by Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge (Vol. I, p. 576). It bears the
figure and cartouches of Thothmes 3'"'^ and part of an inscription giving the
thirty-fifth year of his reign.

CHAPTER IV

THE NORTHERN TEMPLE

The northern temple, which Res thirty-six metres north of Hatshepsut's, was The

!■ ■^ >■ Northern

visited by ChampolHon, who has left an account of it in his Notices descriptives Temple

•' ^ . Prema-

(Vol. I, pp. 29-38). In the sanctuary he found part of a large historical stela, of '"'■^'y
which more than sixty years later Captain H. G. Lyons recovered another large the Middle
fragment (see below, p. 95). The stela was set up, as its inscription records,
by a certain Mentuhotep, a general of Sesostris 1", and on the evidence of this and
some other stelae of the same date found by Captain Lyons (see below, pp. 95, 96),
the building of the temple has generally been ascribed by historians to that king.
The conclusion however was premature, for until we found them in 1910 no one had
ever seen the Middle Empire walls : they lie below the floor of the building which
ChampolHon studied and Captain Lyons cleared, that floor itself and all the
constructions upon it being entirely of New Empire date.

We will first describe the temple as it was left by Captain Lvons and as visitors General

Appearance

may have seen it -at any time when it was not filled up by the storm-driven sand, of the

Its poverty and insignificance in comparison with Hatshepsut's splendid buildings
are remarkable. It is merely a parallelogram of brick divided into courts and
rooms by heavy brick walls, the only stones being the small oblong pillars of the
little forecourt. The general appearance when we had cleared out the sand which
had accumulated in the last few years may be judged from the two photographs
in PI. 29. The brick wall surrounding it was preserved to a height of T.4om.
from the floor, but the partitions between the courts had crumbled down in places
almost to their lowest course. Captain Lyons describes as follows the strata
through which he passed in the process of excavating: "At first I dug out blown
sand, but below this, at not quite a constant level, I found a layer of the finest
mud silt, suncracked, rainpelted and having on the surface numbers of carbonized
fragments of glass, etc. Under this was fine-bedded sand for i to 2 feet. Below
this was a mass of broken, crumbled mud-brick in which the stelae were all found. ' '*
He suggests that the crumbled mud-brick may be the remains of a vaulted roof
which had collapsed, and that the silt was the deposit left by an unusually high

♦Letter from Capt. H. G. Lyons, published in Bessarione (year 1901, Nos. 59-60).

(83)

Temple.

84 BUHEN

The Nile which broke into the temple at some time after it had been ruined. The

Roofinl theory of a mud roof over each of the inner courts, but not of com-se over the
forecourt, is certainly attractive. Unusual as it may appear for an Egyptian
temple, it is quite characteristic of Nubian buildings at all dates ; and as in this case
there are no sufficient supports for stone blocks the only two alternatives are brick
vaults or wooden beams.

Ornamenta- But it must not be Supposed that the temple was always as plain and

undecorated as it now appears for the remains that have been found show that it
was once covered with plaster and frescoed with bright paintings, while stone
doorways carved with figures and inscriptions divided the courts, and the
numerous niches were adorned with votive stelae.

Inscriptions The stone jambs of the entrance door bear each the following short inscription

Hon

Main Door in Vertical lines : ■*-»

date from

• • • ^ 111 y| ^^ Ja^ D o o ^ III J\ "^-si^ \ I I ' ''i^=^ ui 1

"... khepru, he made it as his monument for . . . khepru, possessor
of food, that he may he given life.

The cartouches are too much damaged to give the name of the king with
certainty, the only legible part on the north jamb being "khepru," which might
represent either Aakheprure or Menkheprure.* Fortunately on a pillar (No. lo
in plan) of the east side of the forecourt which we found buried beneath the
sand is preserved the full name of Aakheprure (see PI. 34), which makes it certain
that the builder of the temple in its final form was Amenhotep 2""^.
The The forecourt is a square, round three sides of which are oblong stone pillars

Forecourt.

that may possibly have supported beams of stone or wood so as to form the usual
covered colonnade. The colonnade was not continued on the east, where the
main door stands flanked on either side by a niche for a stela. There are three
pillars on the northern and southern sides, and four on the western. Outside
these is an extra pillar at the northern and sovithern ends of the western row.
That Champollion 's sketch plan shows a double row of pillars on the north and
south, making fotirteen in all, must be due to some error of copying, for there are
no traces of any such feature. But the two eastern pillars in the northern row had
fallen down and we found one of them, as has already been mentioned, buried
below the sand. On one side it is carved with the head of Hathor (see PI. 34),

* On both the north and the south jambs the signs khepru in the second Hne appear
to be on an erasure.

THE NORTHERN TEMPLE 85

which shows the original character of the others from which the tops had been inscriptions

... on Pillars

broken. On the other visible face it bears the inscription: of

Forecourt.

-...R^^^J-fH»

" Aakheprure, beloved of Horns, lord of Buhen."

All the pillars had been similarly inscribed with the names of various divinities
and the localities over which they presided, but only the ends of the lines remain.
The places mentioned are " Buhen, " "Tasti" (Lower Nubia), "the Two Lands",
(Egypt), "the Thrones of the Two Lands" (Karnak), and "x-^bu" (Elephantine).
They are given in order below, the numbers being those of the pillars as shown in
our Plan C.

;.s., IJCrg-JM^Af

W. -^

..I^fgJHflAf

s.. l~:^°^^fiAf

w. — . .

..IH^&i

2. E.— . ...il^\U'^

w. ^ ....i"'\!\m

N. -^ . .

..i^\i\i\ *

3. E^ 1^ ^ —

4.S. . i-ssMIAf

w. *^ . .

7 5

N-- ....'i'"\^Lf

E. — . .

..|.^»«^qiii^f

5.s.^....|^HflAf

W. — . .

. .1^:^^1111

^■....ilAfSI

N. — . . ,

■ 4.mLf

a.s^-....|-'^qqAf

N. "^ . .

■ ■\\m

^■s- '-.... mm

E. -. . . ,

■ ■■m^^

8- S. .^ 1^11^

E. — . . .

• •lAf

^?^^ IS inserted over '^~v.v erased

BUHEN

Inscriptions
on Pillars of
Forecourt.

Below No. 6 is an ex voto of a viceroy of Nubia in the reign of Rameses 12^''.

The viceroy stands »-*■ E., his right hand raised in prayer, his left holding
a fan. His name was perhaps Paynehsi (see Breasted, Records, IV, §§ 597).

In front of him are the cartouches of Rameses 12"":

ffi ffi

" Men-maat-re-setep-en-Ptah, Rameses-kha-em-wast Merer-Amon-neter-heq-Anu, "
beneath which are two vertical lines of inscription :

lU'

irS:^™-^™!

ItC SIC

Dial

2. illegible.

"... the ka of the hereditary noble, the prince, the steward of Amon-re, King's
son of Kush, overseer of the granary . . ."

Niches for
Stelae in
Front Wall
of Forecourt.

Finding of
the Door of
an Earlier
Temple.

On the east side of the court where there are no pillars, almost the whole space
is occupied by two deep niches in the brick wall, one on either side of the door.
Champollion (loc. cit.) states that he found the stela of Rameses P', now in the
Louvre {Louvre, Cat. 59) " contre le mur de briques du massif gauche du pylon, "
so that its exact position must have been in the southern niche marked " SR" on
our plan. It is reasonable therefore to conjecture that the British Museum stela
{B. M., Cat. 1 189), which is a duplicate of that set up for Rameses V\ stood in the
corresponding niche " SS" on the north. (For these stelae see below, p. 96.)

In the southwest corner of the forecourt behind pillar 3 should be noted the
steps leading into the priest's chambers beside the temple.

In the next court, lettered E on our plan, some stone paving belonging to the
floor of Amenhotep 2"^^^ temple seemed to be well preserved. Having already
obtained from the surrounding buildings evidence that earlier structures had once
existed below, we took up this pavement and found that the stones had actually
belonged to a temple built by a king earlier than Amenhotep 2"*^. This was
Aahmes P\ for the stone pavement proved to be simply a door inscribed with his

THE NORTHERN TEMPLE 87

name, which had been flung face downwards from the place in the passage between Dooroj an

Earlier

E and D where it had originally stood. The door (PL 35), which is now in the Temple
University Museum, is made of sandstone and measures 1.70 m. x 1.20 m. (10987). Aahmes mt.

The inscriptions, although executed in rude style, are of great historical
interest. On the architrave are three scenes. In the first Aahmes stands before
Horus of Buhen represented in the fomi of a sacred hawk on a pedestal : behind
him is his mother, queen Aah-hotep, with her arm round his neck.

Above the king is written :

1 J r O ^^ !] o"l " ^^"^ ^°^ Nebpehtire. ' '

Behind the king, above Aah-hotep 's arm :

q ■^ ...

j © " Adoring the god; jour times. "

Behind the king:

A T -^ "All protection is behind him! Given life for ever. "

Above the Horus-hawk:

" Saith Horus lord of Buhen: 7 give thee life, stability and happiness. ' ' '
Behind the queen, in a vertical line:

" King's wife, king's mother, lah-hotep, living for ever. "
Scene 2. The second scene shows Aahmes before Min.

Above Aahmes is: »-*- \\{ ^"^ (1 ' j " Good god, Ahmose."

In front of Aahmes is: f*-" q| " Adoring the god; four limes.

. tic

Above Min is: '^ z:^ ^ $ $ "Min . .

The rest of the inscription, which was in a vertical line, has been cut out.

88 BUHEN

Door of an Scene 3. Ill the third scene Aahmes »-^ stands before the sacred Horus-hawk

Earh er
Temple
set :
Aahmes /«'.

Up for as in scene i. The god offers him the symbols J" ^ 1

Above Aahmes is: ^^ T ° t)^J||"'^'

The inscription behind the Horus-hawk has been cut out.

N. B. In scenes i and 3 the king holds the 1- sceptre like a god.

On the jambs, duplicated, in a vertical line:

"King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nehpehtire; son of Ri, Ahmose, beloved of
Horus lord of Buhen, given life, stability and happiness like Ri for ever,

and under this in three horizontal lines:

" By the commandant of Buhen, Thure. "

In the thickness of the left jamb is a small ex voto (see PI. 35). It represents
Thure holding a branch and standing before a female figttre, probably Isis. The
inscription, in five vertical lines, is as follows:

r^^^

llU^-'JraZ ^-^Sjalti-U "-i-^^-Jra

" [An offering] which the king gives! Horus, lord of Buhen, may he grant
[ . . . ] flesh and fowl for the ka [of] the commandant of Buhen,

" Thure, repeating life, *The messenger of his lord H^.h^py.
The History The author of this inscription is a person of great interest. Prof. J. H.

O f 1 ll 1 1 TS

First ' Breasted had already identified as Thure a viceroy of Kush, whose biography is

Kt'ish^'^ ° written on the south wall of the temple of Thothmes S"'^, at Semneh, where the

name has unfortunately perished (Breasted, Records, II, § 61). His grounds for

the identification were the writer's statement that he had been appointed viceroy

by Thothmes 1'', after serving in other offices under Aahmes and Amenliotep 1'',

*The fifth line is probably a later addition.

THE NORTHERN TEMPLE 89

and the fact that the well-kno\\Ti coronation decree of Thothmes l'\ is addressed to The History

of 1 hure,

a viceroy whose name is expressly given as Thv:re. Our discovery of an inscription First
which shows the chief officer of Buhen under Aahmes to have been Thure confirms A'hs/i.
Prof. Breasted 's identification of the author of the Semneh inscription and adds
an important Hnk to the chain in the history of the government of Nubia.

The biography at Semneh (cf. Lepsius, Denkmdler, HI, 47 c) states that Thure
Hved under five successive kings, viz: Aahmes. who made him an "overseer;"
Amenhotep 1", who employed him in work at Karnak; Thothmes 1'*, who
appointed him "king's son of Kush;" Thothmes 2"^ and Thothmes 3"^. He set up
two other inscriptions, one on the island of Sehel and one at Elephantine, recording
the return of Thothmes 1" from his Nubian campaign (Breasted, Records, II, § 74).
The coronation decree of Thothmes 1^', which was addressed to him, is known from
two duplicates. One of these was originally set up at Kubban, and the other,
which has been for many years in the Cairo Museum, was actually found at Haifa.
The Kubban stela is now in Berlin (Cat. 13725), unpublished. The Haifa copy
has been published by Emmn and is translated by Breasted in his Ancient Records,
II, § 55). The document is a royal decree informing the viceroy of the king's
accession and fixing the full titulary and the names to be used in offering oblations
and taking the oath. Thure is charged to make offerings to the gods of Elephantine,
and Breasted suggests with much probability that the official seat of his govern-
ment was in that city. The office of viceroy, "Governor of the south countries,
King's Son of Kush," was created by Thothmes 1", and Thure, its first holder, must
in the cotirse of his long life have played a very important part in the colonial
development of the growing empire.

The discovery of this doorway of Aahmes, used as a pavement in the temple Proof of

Several

of Amenhotep 2"'^, shows that there were several rebuildings, even of the New Rebniidings

of the

Empire temple. Aahmes, as the first king of the XVI 1 1"' Dynasty, no doubt laid Temple.
down the main lines of the building as we now see it; for the door was lying in situ
and evidently fitted between the brick partition walls dividing E from D. The
XII"" Dynasty stelae, found by Champollion and by Lyons, were in the sanctuary
which we have lettered B, but above the pavement which we have seen to belong to
the XVIIP'' Dynasty. It is therefore evident that they were taken from an older
building and piously set here by the later generation. The stela of Mentuhotep,
general of Sesostris P', apparently stood against the west wall of the sanctuary,
and those of Antef-dedu against the northern and southern walls of the same room
(Lyons, loc. cit. ; Champollion, loc. cit.). Below the level at which they had stood,
and under a hard mud floor which had not been touched by previous excavators,

BUHEN

Fragment- but IS at the level of the forecourt with its pillars of Amenhotep 2""^, we found

ary

Inscriptions fragments of the frescoed plaster which once decorated the walls of the sanctuary.

with name of •'

Amenhotep They bear cartouches of Amenhotep 2"'^, viz:

Stela of an
Officer
named
A ahmes.

I I I

Aakheprure, son of Re, Amenhetep-heq-Anu,"
and on a stone block in room A was a fragment of the same king's cartouche, viz:

ii =3=

ID^^^^i

"... [A'm]enhetep-heq-wast restored ..."
while a fragment of stone thrown out of the temple by previous excavators
bears his name [Aa]khepru-re.

Other pieces of the plaster show remains of hieroglyphs and scraps of
decoration, all well drawn and coloured. Under the same previously untouched
floor we found in room C a stela of white limestone much damaged and difficult
to read. It contains the fragment of a biography of one Aahmes, who was an
officer under either King Aahmes or one of the Thutmosids, according as the
damaged cartouche may be interpreted. The text is as follows, in nine horizontal
lines:

ih^

i 1

" An offering which the king gives! Osiris
lord of Buhen, may they grant a funeral feast .

!=, I _Mi Til Jj c> X D w f •

n rn 4_J

/w.A^ ;c^:^^

Ji D=cia I I I

rn a— -J ct: «

1 1^^^^ I I I ^=. «

lord of the Necropolis, Horus

III o

D -^

]

"whereon [the god lives], that which heaven gives the earth creates and the Nile brings.
. . . splendour in heaven, power on earth,

111^

5. 0

" triumph [in the underworld]
prince.

. [He saith] I am a valiant warrior of the mighty

THE NORTHERN TEMPLE 91

'■ (jiirii|f^Jiz^?s^,iffl;;;i^i?fiMn!3Afi ot^'-'

named

" ( . . . ms . . . ) living for ever, I captured 46 head of people while following ^°'""^*-
the prince, given life . . .

WV'lA^

i .

i^-'j^i.&?fSM^:^^n^J^'i IS .

"... Horus, lord of Buhen. I protected (?) my citizens, I did not cause io]be
sent another.

" [. . . ] / was a father of the miserable ( ?) one whom his brother praised, the Osiris . . .

'■ l^yil^Wil

" Ahmose, son of the scribe. . . . "
Besides this we found two other stelae, both in the eastern part of the temple, stela of a

Viceroy of

The most interesting is in two fragments, which were lying in the sand of the Amenhotep

4th.
northern part of the pillared forecourt a little east of pillar 7. They were

just below the level of the XVUI"' Dynasty floor, but the fact is of little

importance as the floor had evidently been broken through at this point by

previous excavators. The stela had been set up by a viceroy of Nubia,

in the reign of Amenhotep 4''', and records the subjugation of the negroes and the

sending of captives and tribute to the king. The material is soft sandstone and

the inscription was much damaged and difficult to read. Of the first fragment

only four horizontal lines remain, and the beginning of each line is absent; the

surviving text is as follows :

• ■ • 4 ,vww, ;w — , J oJr I I I -Bf^ Jr I I I ^:z:^ J^ Jf ^iR=sL jj^;^ <:=:=> \j\ \

1. "... there exist not any rebels in thy time, they attain to nothingness. The

chiefs ...

2. " to thy valour. Thy roaring is as a flame of fire throughout every foreign country,

SIC

4 m^ Ci Jr Jr I I I O I o II '::^^ Jr ^=f liltv lliiii::^©

3. " . . . every foreign country being gathered in one mind that they may [ . . . ]
their land daily

BUHEN

Stela of a
Viceroy of
Amenhotep
4th.

II "

• ii

t^yi

^^FTirrfluT^Ild

^u,

Sety ist.

■ _^ ^ ^ ^■" ■ • • ^''^'^^^' ""^'^ ''''^^^ "''■^'^ • ■ • ^^^y ka . . .Uanere."
Of the second fragment there are also four damaged hnes :

••• ilrMi i^^,^^^^ HiiTrinnnn'^ •••

slain

Ikayta, ninety (?) living negroes

I t

1 1 1 M 1-^-^ I I n n III 1 1 II I ^ I i •

"... i/zezr women being twelve. Total, two {?) hundred and forty-five living
persons who were struck down (??) . . .

llf?M",RlRRR4¥

(vjv) V

i=i III i

r/i^

' . . . two (?) hundred and twenty-five, three hundred and sixty-one foals.
King's Son of Kush, Overseer of Southern Countries . . . ."

The other stela was found forming part of the pavement of the entrance
doorway of the temple. Nearly half of it has perished, the surviving half is well
carved in relief and shows Sety P' before Ptah and Min-siese. (10988, see PI. 34.)

Above the head of Sety are his cartouches and titles :

U 1^

••J

At n

" Good god, Menmaatre, son of Re, Sety-M erne ptah, given life like Ri, beloved of
Ptah ivho hears the prayer. ' '

The last words, " Ptah who hears the prayer, " are repeated above the [head of
Ptah.

*For

i^ '— ' [1 0 t 1 see Kubban Stela, I. 9; Chabas, CEnvres, II, PL I; Breasted,

Records, Vol. Ill, § 2S6; id., Vol. IV, § 477; L., D., Ill, 230.

' O Ci I'

cj. Kahun Papyri, Hymn to Sesostris 3"^, 1. 4-

THE NORTHERN TEMPLE 93

Below the scene is an inscription in seven horizontal lines: Sieia of

Sety /»'.

" Year i, month 4, third season, last day. Live Horus, the strong bull, making
the Two Lands to live, favourite of the two crown-goddesses, Uhemmesut

' ^i!fAi^^i:,%.m¥\'^.C^^i

" golden Horus, repeating coronations, mightiest of bows in all lands, king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, Menmaatri, . . .

-'■ Lfn^iHm^ ~m-ivnt]i

"given life like Re for ever and ever, beloved of Amonrc lord of the Thrones of the
Two Lands (Karnak); . . . \of\ Min-si-ese

e O I I 000 "^^^ "^-^^ 2^ '^->- ^

"... pleased with all his monuments which his son, whom he loves, makes
for him ....
5. '-

;i^zqFiiors3]'i

" thou hast . . . it for him (?) Alin-Amon, beautiful of countenance . . .
' millions of years united with health and happiness. The chief of the land of

mCH^Ji^CMMi

" under the feet of Horus, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, MenmaatrS, son of R§,
Sety-Merneptah . . . . "

The following small objects were found in different parts of the temple, all q^'-^"^
below the level of the XVHP'' Dynasty pavement. The numbers given to them £^"^,;jg
are the numbers by which they are catalogued in the University Museum : T'emplI '^"

No. 10903. Half of a clay brick-stamp, with the sign ka and the serpent, in

room C.
No. 10940. Two pieces of a blue glaze model boomerang with name of Zeserkarg

(Amenhotep P') in room D (PI. 43).
No. 1 094 1. Small fragment of dark blue glaze with light blue inlay of several

letters of hieroglyphic, in room E (PI. 43).
No. 10942. Half the head of a steatite statuette.

94 BUHEN

Small No. 10943. A blue glaze little model of a gourd and several blue glaze beads, in

Objects

Found chamber F, just outside room 4.

below the

Floor of the No. ioQ?8. A sct of lotus leaf blue glaze beads, in room C.

Temple.

No. 10959. A scarab of glazed steatite, with figure of a lion, but no inscription,
in room C.

No. 10960. A little drab pot full of beads (viz: blue glaze and carnelian) in
chamber A.

Also five plain and one decorated pot of the same general
kind as the pottery found in the priests' chambers (p. 116), and
a piece of sheet gold stamped with a plain figure of a hawk
in rather archaistic style, measuring 45x35 cm. and weighing
6 grammes, which was found in front of the forecoiirt of the
temple and sent to Khartiim.

History From the evidence which has been given in this chapter, it would appear that

Foundation the northern temple at Buhen in the form in which it was described by ChampoUion
Rebuilding and has been viewed since its excavation by Capt. H. G. Lyons, was built not
Temple. by Sesostris P' as usually supposed, but by Aahmes at the beginning of the
Eighteenth Dynasty. It was rebuilt on the same general lines by one of his
successors, Amenhotep 2""^, and very possibly altered in minor details by later
kings. To some one of these rebuildings may perhaps be attributed the faulty
alignment of the northern walls and of the sides of the sanctuary. The historical
stelae, recording the conquests of Sesostris V\ whose memory was held in pious
honour were placed in the sanctuary in or after the Eighteenth Dynasty. They
were, no doubt, taken from an older temple, but whether that temple stood on the
identical spot is uncertain. For though, as we shall have occasion to show in the
next chapter, Aahmes razed an earlier building to construct his own, it cannot be
considered certain that it was a temple, and it is perfectly possible that the stelae
may have come from some other quarter of the town, perhaps even from the
Twelfth Dynasty temple, over which Hatshepsut afterwards built her own.

The latest inscription of any kind in the temple is the ex voto of the reign of
Rameses 12*, and unless we are to suppose that the brick screens between the
pillars of the forecourt are of Coptic date, there is no evidence of any occupation
or use of the building after the close of the Twentieth Dynasty. As no traces of
the Romano-Nubian or Coptic periods were found in the dwellings immediately
surrounding it, we may perhaps infer that it was allowed to fall into ruin when the
Egyptian settlers deserted the town at the close of the Ramessid period.

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER IV

STELAE ALREADY KNOWN FROM THE NORTHERN TEMPLE

The stela of Mentiihotep has been several times published. The first large i
fragment of it was discovered by Champollion and Rosellini in 1829 and sent to
the Egyptian Museum at Florence (Florence Cat. No. 1542). It lay close to the
back wall in the sanctuary, lettered B in our plan, but was not built into the wall.
In 1893 Capt. H. G. Lyons found a second fragment in exactly the same place and
presented it also to the Florence museum. Prof. J. H. Breasted published the
two fragments together in " Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology,"
May, 1901, and has translated the inscription in his Ancient Records, Vol. I, § 510.
He describes the stela as follows: "At the top is a relief showing Sesostris 1''
standing, facing Montu, lord of Thebes, who says, 'I have brought for thee all
countries which are in Nubia beneath thy feet, good god. ' Suiting these words
the god leads and presents to the king a line of bound captives, symbolizing
Nubian towns. The head and shoulders of each captive surmount an oval
containing the name of the town represented. There were originally ten of these
towns, of which fovir have disappeared. . ......

"Below the relief were two inscriptions, the first belonging to the king, the
second to Mentuhotep. " Of the king's inscription only fragments of six lines
survive. These lines give the royal titles. Mentuhotep 's inscription sets forth
his own titles and proceeds with some words which evidently refer to a
campaign in Nubia, but the details are incomplete. The date is given as year 18
of the king's reign.

Of other inscriptions already known from this temple the most important 2
next to Mentuhotep 's are the two stelae of Erde-Antef-didiu discovered by Capt.
H. G. Lyons. They were built into the walls of the sanctuary (B in our plan),
one on the north and one on the south side, and fragments of them were also found
in the passageway of the room marked F in our plan (Lyons in Bessarione, loc.
cit.). One of these was presented by Captain Lyons to the British Museum and
is mentioned in the official "Guide to the Egyptian Galleries" {Sculpture, -p- do,
No. 1 1 77). The titles of Erde-Antef-didiu are incised in seven horrizontal lines

(95)

96 BUHEN

2 and describe him as "hereditary prince and sealer of the king," etc. At the side
in reHef is the full royal titulary of Sesostris P' (Kheper-ka-re).

3 An article by Mr. W. E. Crum in " Proceedings of the Society of
Biblical Archaeology" 1893 describes two Middle Empire stelae found by Capt.
H. G. Lyons in the northern temple in that year and presented by him to the
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. One of these shows beneath winged disk and uraei
a king embracing a deity, probably the local Horus. Between the two figiires
is a short inscription containing the titles of Sesostris (Senwosret) P'. The other
stela bears no king's name and only a few of the signs upon it are legible, the style
resembles that of the Middle Empire.

4 In the same article by Mr. Crum are described two other stelae of the reign
of Thothmes 4'^ which were found in the centre passage of the northern temple
by Captain Lyons and presented to the Ashmolean Museum. On one of them
appears a goddess in relief with a large scorpion behind her head, which suggests
that she may be the local form of Isis, referred to above in the description of the
scenes in Hatshepsut's temple (p. 40). The other is a boundary stone.

5 The stela of Rameses P' now in the Lou\Te (Cat. 59) was found by Champollion
in 1829. He describes it {Notices Descriptives, pp. 29-38), as having been built
in " contre le mur de briques du massif gauche du pylon, " which no doubt means
that it occupied the niche on the south side of the forecourt. It was pubhshed by
Champollion {Monuments, I. i, No. 2) and by Rosellini {Mon. Star. 45, No. i),
and has been translated by Prof. J. H. Breasted in Ancient Records, Vol. Ill, § 74.
The inscription commemorates the pious works of Rameses P' in the temple, in
honour of Amon-Re, consisting of new offerings, an increase in the number of
priests and servants, and an addition to the temple building. The stela seems
to have been set up by Sety P' acting as co-regent with his father.

6 A stela of Sety P^ in which his father's name is not mentioned, was apparently
set up by that king only six months after the last. It is now in the British Museum
(Cat. 1 189), and it seems safe to infer that it originally occupied the niche on the
north side of the forecourt, forming a pair to the Rameses stela. Like this it
records pious works, but omits the statement as to new building. The god who
is mentioned is Min-Amon (see Breasted, Ancient Records, Vol. Ill, § 157).

7 We may also note in this place two stelae in the British Museum (Cat. 623
and 1 188) described in the official Guide (Sculptiire, pp. 145 and 179). They
are 623 " Sepulchral stele of User-Satet, an Erpa and Ha prince and governor
of the Sudan," and 1188 "Sepulchral stele of Mer-netchem (?) the son of
Khnemu-mes, the overseer of the gold workers."

CHAPTER V

BUILDINGS ADJOINING THE TWO TEMPLES

The entire area between the two temples and a considerable tract of ground Extentofthe
round each of them is occupied by buildings. These had never before been Revealed by
excavated so that it was necessary to remove thousands of tons of sand and to
carry it away either to the riverbank or on to vacant ground. The photographs
in Plate 31 illustrate this part of the site. The view in Plate 31a is taken from a
little northwest of Amenhotep 2"*^^ temple and shows the west wall of the temple
with an earlier building on a lower level in the foreground. In PI. 31b the temple is
seen as it appeared when the excavations were half finished. The interior had
then been cleared of the sand which had drifted in during the last few years, and
some of the houses to the north had been discovered. At the back of the
picture the workmen with tjie help of trucks are removing sand from the south-
western exterior corner of the temple and caiTying it northwards; in front they
are digging along the upper levels of the rooms adjoining the south side of the
temple and running the rubbish out eastwards on to the bank of the Nile.

Over all this part of the ground except that occupied by the most northern
houses (Nos. 31-59), we had to go down to a depth varying from three to fivemetres.
The great buttressed wall which adjoins Hatshepsut's temple on the north was
actually five and a half metres in height where it was most perfectly preserved, and
in some places there was a metre of sand on the top of this. We dug down to the
very foundations of this wall in one part and cleared its length for a distance of
60 metres to an average depthof about four metres below thetop (see Pll. 3, 4, 5,31).
There was an unbroken slope of sand from the north wall of Hatshepsut's temple
to the south wall of Amenhotep 's when we began work; and except for the vaulted
chamber outside the northwest corner of Hatshepsut's temple, which had been left
open by Mr. Scott-Moncrieff, and a few houses adjoining it on the west, which had
been partially revealed by sebakhin, there was then no trace of building. The top
bricks of the buttressed wall were visible in places but the chambers built against
it were entirely hidden, nor was there the slightest indication of even the topmost
stratum of the houses and courts which can now be seen stretching in a continuous
series up to and beyond the northern temple.

(97)

98 BUHEN

The Great The first part of this large area which we uncovered was the massive brick

Buttressed , _ - . , , .

Wall. wall adjoining the north side of Hatshepsut s temple. Its height at the point

shown in PI. 5 b is five and a half metres and an idea of its general character may
be obtained from the same illustration. The buttress shown in the photograph is
the third from the east in our plan (Plans D, G) and its actual foundation is about a
metre below the feet of the man in the picture. The wall forms the northern side
of the "inner fortifications" and starts from the corner of the still more massive
wall of which the brick pylon is a part (cf. PI. 3). It runs at right angles to this
but askew to the temenos of Hatshepsut 's temple for 90 metres beyond it,
and then turns to the south for 150 metres. In Plate 2b can be seen the corner
where it again turns eastward. The style of the brickwork resembles that found in
other Middle Empire forts, and the bond is made by alternate rows of stretchers
and headers to which there was originally a facing of more ornamental design that
has since fallen away. The width of the wall at the base is four and a half metres,
and it has a batter of about one in ten. At irregular intervals there are projecting
buttresses which from their frequency must be constructional rather than strategic
features. In fact they were masked and obliterated by the final stage of building,
for after the wall had been completed, a thin screen of bricks was carried across to
connect the buttresses and so present a sheer, unbroken face to the attacking enemy.
The System The cxact dating of this wall and of those on the east and west with which

underlying it is connccted was for a long time a matter of doubt. The fact that its alignment

ill (jcg /jf flic

New was SO different from that of the temple suggested immediately that it did not

belong to the same period, but whether it was earlier or later could not be
determined at the first stages of the digging. It was not until we had excavated
the northern temple and the whole intervening ground that conclusive evidence
was obtained. We then found that below the building erected by Aahmes and
below all the contemporary houses surrounding it, there was an entire system of
walls which had been levelled and floored over to form a platform for the XVI IP*"
Dynasty buildings. These walls which are massive and well built form rectangles
of which the sides are exactly parallel with one another but askew to the lines of
both temples. They compose an uninterrupted and homogeneous series of which
the wall with which we are now dealing is a part. The series, moreover, does not
stop at this point but is continued southward through and beyond Hatshepsut 's
temple, at the northeastern and southwestern corners of which parts of it can be
seen though intersected and destroyed by the boundary wall of the temple.
Even further on in the maze of superimposed houses which line the southern side of
Hatshepsut 's temple the same original system could be traced.

BUILDINGS ADJOINING THE TWO TEMPLES 99

On the north of the buttressed wall the foundation level of these underlying The System

o/ Walls

buildings is a metre and a half below the pavement of Amenhotep's temple. On underlying

those of the

the south of the wall the XVIII"' Dynasty level is consistently higher than on New

Empire.

the north of it, the floor of Hatshepsut's temple being almost a metre above that
of Amenhotep's; but the underlying buildings go down to the same depth on the
south as on the north and the foundations of the buttressed wall itself are actually
0.40 m. lower than any others (see Plan D).

So it is evident that the buttressed wall and the eastern and western walls,
which with it form what we have called the inner fortifications, are the oldest of
any on the site. And since we have seen that they must antedate the first
king of the XVIII"' Dynasty and we know that the town was built in the
XIP*" Dynasty, there need be no hesitation in ascribing the inner fortifications and
the whole series of the lowest buildings to the Middle Empire. It will now be
understood how it is that the temple of Hatshepsut since the completion of our
digging stands on a high platform far above any other building on the site. For it
is erected on a substructure composed of the ruins of a XIP*" Dynasty temple, built
we cannot say with certainty by what king but very possibly by Sesostris V\ This
temple was placed, as temples often were, at the very corner of the fortified town,
and the only problem is to explain why any buildings stood north of the inner
fortifications and outside them. The outer fortifications which begin 165 metres
to the north of the old town wall were certainly not made until the XVIII"'
Dynasty (see below, p. 119), and we have found no traces of an exterior line of
XI P*" Dynasty intrenchments. Yet it is almost impossible to suppose that
while one temple was sheltered within strong defences another would be left
wholly unprotected. So that we have been led to doubt whether the Middle
Empire buildings under and around the northern XVIII"' Dynasty temple were
actually a temple and were not rather some sort of castle or fortified governor's
house. If that should be the case the history of the growth of the town would
be clear. We must suppose that Aahmes, when he resumed the effective New
government of those southern regions which had nearly shaken off the Fo/tifka-
Egyptian yoke during the XIII"' to XVII* Dynasties, refounded or at least "'"'^'
enlarged the important military colony of Buhen. He made a wall and moat
at some distance from the inner fortifications, which not only encircled them
but included a previously unprotected area to the north. Then in the space thus
rendered availalile he built a new temple outside the original fortifications which
now formed only an inner citadel, razing and levelling for this purpose the already
half ruined walls of the castle or governor's house. In this new temple he placed

100 BUHEN

New the venerated stelae, set up originally as we should suppose in the southern temple

Temple. by the officers of Sesostris P'; and it became the nucleus of a settlement of temple
officials who built their houses between it and the open street which now ran along
the north of the old town wall. Three generations later Hatshepsut, ambitious of
erecting a striking monument, chose the highest and most conspicuous point on
the whole site, which offered the additional advantage of a pylon and quay already
existing.
Chambers In the days of Hatshepsut the Middle Empire town wall was no longer

between

H atsbepsut' s ']XidiSDer\saiO\e for purposes of defence, but from its first existence store-chambers

Temple and

the old and houses had been put in the space between it and the temple and this habit

City Wall. ^ ^ ^

continued. The buildings, as can be seen from the plan (Plan D), form a
complicated network without fonri or arrangement and belong to every date
from the XIP** Dynasty onward. The chambers are of all shapes and sizes, built
haphazard each as it might be required on the ruins of its predecessor. There may
be seen the remains of hearths and household jars, doorways leading from one
room into another or into the temple, and in one place a well-marked staircase
which mounts from the lowest level on to the top of the wall. In several places the
original Middle Empire parts can be detected, plainly recognizable by the character
of their massive work no less than by their alignment. Above these are numerous
rooms contemporary with the foundation of Hatshepsut 's temple though often,
as might well be the case with store-chambers, below the level of the temple-
pavement. Next just above the temple-pavement are rooms belonging to the
latest XVIIP" Dynasty, and to the XIX* and probably XX* Dynasties,
and over these a series of Romano-Nubian and Coptic houses. In our
plan the XII* Dynasty walls are shown by blue colour, the early XVIII*
by black and the late XVIII* and XIX* by hatching. At the northeast
corner above the Egyptian hotises and store-rooms were one or two
dwellings of Romano-Nubian date. Two definite examples, vouched for by
the evidence of pottery standing still in position, were just below the Coptic level
at the points marked with white crosses on the photograph in PI. 3. To this
sporadic occupation must be attributed the sherds of Romano-Nubian pottery,
two ostraka and a graffito of several letters in Meroitic writing on stone found close
to the surface at this spot. At almost the same level as the Romano-Nubian, and
not always easy to distinguish from it, was a row of small Coptic houses extending
along the top of the wall from the 2""^ buttress to the 5* and overlapping the
ancient Egyptian street on the north. It was necessary to cut away the floor
(which was all that remained) of several of these in order to clear the face of the

BUILDINGS ADJOINING THE TWO TEMPLES 101

buttressed wall, but the line oi the floor and the walls of the better preserved houses Chambers

between

can be seen in the photograph on PI. 4 a. Thus all the brickwork above the level Hatshep-

sut's

marked C-C in that plate is Coptic ; and the line drawn against the buttress Temple and

the old

(buttress No. 3) is continued in PI. 4 b as far as buttress No. 5. In these houses we City Wall.
found a little pottery, which was sufficient to prove their date even independently
of the evidence of the surrounding levels. The precinct wall of the temple is
pierced in several places by doorways leading into it from the Coptic houses, one
of which is plainly visible in PI. 3 at the first of the two points marked with a
white cross. The modern wall which protects the temple has been carried over
them, but can easily be discriminated even in the photograph.

The most interesting of the chambers between the temple and the old city
wall is that at the southwest corner which is marked in our plan with an asterisk.
It is not confused by any rebuildings but belongs to a single period, which a careful
inspection of the junctions of the walls proves to be the latest of the three Egyptian
periods on the site. This chamber, therefore, was built at some time between the
end of the XVI I P*" and the end of the XX**" Dynasties. It was roofed with a
barrel vault in the Nubian fashion and a door, subsequently bricked up, originally
led into it from the temple. It. was in this chamber that Mr. P. Scott- Moncrieff statues and

Stelae

discovered in 1905 the statue of Sebek-em-heb and several stelae which are now Found near

J, thisTemple.

m the museum at Khartum.*

It is significant that our own discovery of statues was made not far from this
point, namely, in the ancient street opposite the sixth buttress of the town wall,
and on a level which belongs to the same period of the XVIII"" and XX""
Dynasties. It is possible that the statues and stelae originally stood in the
temple and were removed in time of panic, perhaps when the town was finally
deserted by the Egyptians or perhaps earlier. The wall of the inner city
continues westward, as has been stated, to a point 90 metres beyond the temple
and then turns to the south. Inside along its whole length are built houses
of which we have only excavated a few immediately west of the temple, which
are shown on our plan. They are of the same general character as those which
have just been described and the upper levels are entirely of New Empire date,
though it may safely be assumed that the ruins of the Middle Empire town lie
below them. They had been partially dug away by sebakhin and yielded no
antiquities except clay sealings, but in one of them were buried several skeletons
of hippopotami.

*See a note by Mr. P. Scott-MoncriefT in " Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, "
March, 1906.

Temple

102 BUHEN

Dwellings On the south side of the temple under the debris which had been thrown out

Hatlhlpfut'sirom the interior we found a maze of small dwellings which we dug down to the
South " "" lowest level. It was impossible to make a plan of the countless intersecting walls
of jerry-built houses raised haphazard each on the ruins of the last, but we
ascertained that exactly the same periods were represented here as on the north
side. At the bottom were the original XI I"" Dynasty walls cut to pieces by
later builders; then numerous chambers which being below the level of the
temple-pavement may safely be dated as not later than XVIII"' Dynasty; and
above these again rooms in which were found so many fragments of Romano-
Nubian ware as to prove an occupation at that date. Of Coptic, however, there
was no trace at this point. A few fragmentary inscriptions, some of which may
have been thrown out from the temple, were found among the rubbish and have
been dealt with in the Appendix to Chapter III (pp. 79-82).
The Having described the inner citadel, which was the original Middle Empire

"Governor's , ■, ., . ., .. ,.,.. , ^i- r

House" town, and the later buildmgs erected withm it, we have next to give an account of
Northern thosc which extend on the north side of it up to and beyond the temple of Aahmes
and Amenhotep 2"^. The earliest of these have already been referred to and
conjecturally named "The Governor's House." They fomi a large homogeneous
block, enclosed by a massive wall, which is 15.50 metres distant from the inner
citadel and extends to the northern side of Amenhotep 's temple, but includes a
much greater area than the temple itself to south, to east, and to west. Only the
lower courses of the walls are preserved, standing to a height varying from half a
metre on the west to a metre and a half on the east, at which level they had been
uniformly razed to form a platform whereon later buildings were erected. The spaces
which were originally rooms had been filled with stone chippings and debris so as
to make a solid support for the floor, and as this was done in the actual process of
making the secondary building the few objects found in this filling could not be
used for dating the primary walls.

But a comparative study of the floor levels will leave little doubt as to
the date of the "Governor's House." The argument, which is corroborated
by the evidence of the levels in the inner citadel, rests mainly on the
position of the walls in relation to the temple built by Aahmes. We have
already stated that the door of Aahmes had merely been flung face downward
from the place which it originally occupied between courts E and D ; so that it must
have stood on a floor of virtually the same level as Amenhotep 2'"^'^ which is
exactly fixed by the bases of the pillars in the forecourt. This is the floor as it
was seen by Champollion and left by Capt. H. G. Lyons. It was when we took up

BUILDINGS ADJOINING THE TWO TEMPLES 103

the pavement of stone and mud belonging to this level that we found the heavy Date of the

Governor's

walls of the "Governor's House" under lymg it and runnmg diagonally across the House is

Tweljth

axis of the temple. So that the "Governor's House" being actually beneath the Dynasty.
building erected by Aahmes must necessarily be earUer than it. The only possible
alternative would be that the "Governor's House" itself had been erected by
Aahmes and that Amenhotep when rebuilding the temple of his predecessor took
the doorway and set it up in his own. But this is intrinsically most improbable.
For while it would be a natural act of piety to set up the historical stelae of remote
deified ancestors Hke Sesostris in a particular niche, it would be quite unlike any
Egyptian king to take an integral part of an older building such as a door and set
it up anew in front of his own sanctuary without even altering its inscriptions.
Again, the entire character of the underlying walls is unlike that of a temple, the
arrangement of their divisions makes no coherent temple-scheme, the style and
weight of the brickwork are different from that of the temple above, the area
included is much greater, and the orientation of the lines is on a wholly divergent
system. Finally the scheme of alignment, while contradictory to that of the
buildings known to have been erected by the XVIII* Dynasty monarchs,
Amenhotep 2"'', Hatshepsut, and Thothmes 3'''*, is in precise agreement with
the scheme of the inner citadel. And the inner citadel even apart from the
evidence of levels would be regarded as Middle Empire both from the style of its
construction and from its position in relation to the Middle Empire cemetery.
We may therefore unhesitatingly reject the hypothesis that the " Governor's
House" was built by Aahmes; and if not erected by him it must
have been built earlier than the XVI IP'* Dynasty. It is improbable on
historical grounds that such a work would have been undertaken in the
troublous times of the XIII* to XVII* Dynasties, while we know from the
documentary evidence of the stelae that a town existed here in the reign
of Sesostris 1''. There can therefore be no doubt that the "Governor's House"
no less than the inner citadel dates from the XII* Dynasty. Any reader
who will study Plan D can see at a glance that the lowest walls compose
a single uniform system extending over the whole site and obviously all
constructed at the same time. The XVIII* Dynasty builders utiHzed them
only as convenient platforms and set out their own temples obliquely to them
on a more easterly plan of frontage.

The foundations of the "Governor's House" go down to a depth varying
from half a metre on the west side to a metre and a half on the east side below
the floor of the northern temple, as marked by the bases of the pillars in the

104 BUHEN

The forecourt.* This is not quite as low as the foundations of the buttressed wall of

"Governor s

House." L. the inner citadel which go down 70 centimetres deeper. The difference may be
explained either by supposing that the citadel wall being so very massive and
heavy was stepped 70 centimetres below the surrounding soil, or by supposing
that it was built on the surface of the gi^ound and a short interval elapsed before
the "Governor's House" was added on the north of it. No great length of time
would be needed to accumulate that depth of sand against a northern wall; the
storms of a single winter would be sufficient, as we know from experience. The
brick screen, which was added along the front to obliterate the buttresses and
make a sheer face, begins at the level of 70 centimetres above the foot of the wall,
that is to say at the same level as all the other buildings shown on the plan in blue.

The Two The "Governor's House," as it has iust been described, was only recovered

Strata of _ ■' "'

Buildings piece by piece after very laborious clearing, for it lay buried beneath two layers of

above tt.

M. N. later houses. Some of these, namely, the series running from Nos. 10 to 29 on the
southeast of Amenhotep's temple we cut away down to the lowest level in order
that the Middle Empire walls might be studied without impediment. The
remainder, viz., Nos. 1-9, 11, 13 were left standing with their walls intact and only
so much of the floors cut away as was necessary to recover the plans. The best
idea of this part of the site may be obtained froin the photograph in PI; 32a,
which shows the houses of all the different periods viewed as one looks northward
from the inner citadel (cf. Plan D). The next picture (PI. 32b) shows several
of the same buildings on a larger scale and marked with letters to explain the
dating of the various levels. The lowest are the walls of the "Governor's House"
marked with the letter L (blue in Plan D) ; above these, marked with M, are
houses the floors of which are contemporary with the floor of the temple (black
in plan); while a third level, 1.20 metres higher than the floor of the temple, is
lettered N (hatched in plan). The N level is dated by two inscribed objects,
namely, a much worn scarab with the name of Neb-maat-re (Amenhotep 3'''^)
found in room 18, and a clay signet ring of Hek-maat-re (Rameses 4'*') found
in room 17.! So that the highest floors belong to the late XVIIP"", the XIX""
and XX"" Dynasties.

*The difference in height is due to the natural rise of the ground in this part. It slopes
upward from east to west, and while the walls of the "Governor's House" were built direct on
the ground and followed its slope, the floor of the temple which was laid over them was made
almost truly horizontal.

fSo also at a level corresponding to M above room i was found the bezel of a blue glaze ring
of Tut-ankh-amen.

BUILDINGS ADJOINING THE TWO TEMPLES 105

The M level is dated to the XVI 1 1"" Dynasty by the fact that its floor is
generally continuous with that of the temple and corroboration is supplied by
the finding of a blue glaze ring-bezel of Neb-maat-re (Amenhotep 3"''^) in the filling
of room 2 2, and of a well-preserved scarab of the same king in the filling that
supported the floor of room 3. The L level we have already discussed (p. 103).

These three strata of building are classified according to the relation in which Disiribu-

'=' '^ Hon of the

they stand to the floor of the temple as defined by the bases of the pillars in the Jhreestrata
forecotirt. Thus L stands for the system of walls lying below the temple floor;
M for walls built immediately on the top of L and consequently above the temple
floor, also for all floors laid on the top of these again but at a height of less than
1.20 metres above the temple floor; N for walls built on a floor, which is clearly
defined by a row of doors connecting the rooms numbered 4-13. The two lower
strata occtir over the whole of this part of the ground, as far as the north wall of
the temple, but the third is not found west of room 4 or north of the southern wall
of the temple. In the rooms 31-60 only the second stratum is represented.

The houses and rooms nimibered 1-30 are of great interest as they form one
of the most complete series of dwellings yet discovered in connection with a temple.
From them it can be seen how the temple servants lived immediately against the
very precinct wall, and constantly rebuilt and altered so that the level was always
being raised by the accumulating rubbish of ruined brickwork. Thus a very
few generations after it had been built the temple must have stood in a sort of pit
several feet below the suiTounding houses.

The series 1-13, which abuts on the southern wall, maybe distinguished into two Houses

1-13 on the

parts, namely, rooms 1-3, which are superior to any others, massively constructed South of the

Northern

and entirely of the M period, without any floor above them simply because they Temple
never needed rebuilding; and rooms 4-13 in which the construction is poor and
there are several stages of rebuilding. This division almost coincides with that
made by a door leading from the temple into room 4. The door has a low screen
wall 0.40 m. high, built across it to serve as a step when the floor of the room inside
had risen so much above that of the temple as to make a step necessary. Originally,
as the stone threshold beneath it shows, the person entering walked through on
the level surface. Turning to the right (westwards) on coming from the temple he
gained access to rooms 3, 2, i in turn, by the doorways connecting them. In
these three rooms there are traces of plastering and whitewash on the interior and
they were probably vaulted with brick like the chamber outside the northwest
corner of Hatshepsut's temple in which the statue of Sebek-em-heb was discovered.
Their walls stand to a height of 2.0 m. above the temple floor and were never

106 BUHEN

Houses rebuilt. The floors, however, were raised in the process of occupation; for though

i-ij ,

on the south the Original level of the doors connecting i and 2 was flush with the temple floor,

of the

Northern as can be seen by its jambs, yet a new threshold was afterward inserted 0.80 metre

Temple.

higher. The original floor in all three was of mud beaten hard over the stone
chips used to fill up the Middle Empire rooms. Over this there accumulated in
the course of not many years 0.80 m. of rubbish, which was beaten hard to form
a new floor and the thresholds of the doors were then lifted and put up to that
height. The stratum of rubbish served a useful purpose for the inmates of the rooms,
who, like the modern Nubians, had the custom of burying pots beneath the floor,
with the mouths just flush with the surface, to serve as cupboards and receptacles.
Against the stone threshold of the doorway connecting room 3 with room 2 there
were four jars buried in this way; and fiirther on in rooms 6 and 13 there were
considerable numbers. These will be described in a section of the next chapter.

In room 4, though the side walls are actually no higher than those of rooms
1-3, several rebuildings can be distinguished. The doorway and step leading in
from the temple have already been mentioned. On the lowest floor of the room,
identical with the temple floor, is a rectangular brick hearth; buried just beneath
the N floor is a large jar; and on a floor higher than the N floor (the only instance
of so high a level) is a second rectangular hearth. Similarly in room 7 the several
successive periods of occupation have all left their traces. At the very bottom
are well-preserved remains of the Middle Empire substructures filled in and levelled.
Immediately above these are two circular clay corn bins like those in modern
Nubian houses. Above them in the western wall is the door which connected with
room 4 during the next stage ; and finally this door has been walled up and another
made beside it to serve the next level, which is that of the N period.

In rooms 9, 11, 13 all the principal periods can again be studied. In room 13
the dwellers on the N floor buried no less than fourteen large jars. In room 12
there is the base of a column lying at the Middle Empire level. In rooms 5, 6, 8
there are no traces of construction of the M or temple period, they have only an
N level. In 5 was the small stone stela (10985, see p. 115) lying face downwards
on the brick buttress built against the west wall. In 6 were six large jars below
the floor, lying beside which under the floor were a few XVIII"' Dynasty beads
and small uninscribed scarabs.

The rooms of the N stratum east of these were ruined down to one or two
covirses of brickwork, but their floor level was continuous with that of 5, 6, 8.
The walls of the M stratum below these almost follow the older alignment of the
L building beneath, an exception to the otherwise universal rule on the site.

BUILDINGS ADJOINING THE TWO TEMPLES 107

Apart from the stelae clay sealings and pottery, all of which will be treated in Objects

Found in

the next chapter, no objects of importance were found in these houses south of the Houses

south of the

the northern temple. We have already mentioned (p. 104) the two scarabs and Northern

Temple.

ring-bezel of Amenhotep 3'''*, the ring-bezel of Tut-ankh-amen and the clay
finger ring of Rameses 4"". Besides these were found the following small objects:

In the lowest stratum L, which was originally Middle Empire, but filled in
during the XVIIP'' Dynasty: Three broken little blue glaze figures of Isis, two or
three blue glaze beads, three bronze styli, a poor ornamental steatite scarab and
a steatite scaraboid. All might well be of the XVIII* Dynasty, and it is actually
more probable that objects found even in this lowest level would belong to the
XVIII* Dynasty, the time when the Middle Empire walls were razed and levelled

In the M stratum, which is definitely XVIII* Dynasty, there were fragments
of blue fayence dishes, of little blue glaze figures of Isis, a few beads, amulets
and pendants of blue glaze, a bronze chisel and fragments of other bronze
implements, and an ivory hair-pin. Also a clay model of a boat with its crew.

In the N stratum, which is XVIII* to XX* Dynasty inclusive, room 5
contained fragments of fayence and a flint sickle. In room 6 were found
a complete necklace of small carnelian and blue glaze beads, scaraboids and
pendants, and a fragment of bronze. In room 8, blue glaze beads and
fragments of a blue glaze ring and of fayence. In room 13, a gaming die. In
room 18, little blue glaze figures of Isis and some blue glaze beads.

The houses 31-60 on the north side of the temple all belong to a single period Houses
viz., the XVIII* Dynasty, withotit any traces either of an L stratum below or of iorth of the
an N stratum above them. There are several floor levels and many indications of Temple.
rebuilding and alteration in walls and doorways, but the entire length of time,
during which this part of the site was inliabited, must have been comparatively
short. For the floors are all included within the lower half of the M stratum,
that is to say, within the 60 centimetres immediately above the level of the temple
forecourt. In general character the dwellings are very similar to Nos. 1-20, which
have already been described, but the class of inhabitant was superior if we may
judge from the comparative spaciousness of the rooms. The most interesting
and complete of these are illustrated on Plate ^^. Ovens, clay bins and rough
domestic pottery occurred in many parts, but apart from the painted jars
found in room 55 the only object of real value was the stela of the scribe
Amenemhat, which had been taken from its original place and cut to serve as
the base of a column in room 48. This stela and the pottery are described
in the next chapter.

CHAPTER VI

STATUES, STELAE, POTTERY AND SEALINGS FOUND NEAR

THE TEMPLES

British We had hoped when excavating the houses adjoining Hatshepsut's temple

Museum

Statues of to be rewarded by finding one or more statues either of kings or of officials.

Sebekemheb „.,

and Karnes In the single chamber which he excavated Mr. P. Scott-Moncrieff found, as has
already been mentioned, the statuette of a scribe named Sebek-em-heb which is
now in the museum at Khartum.* And the British Museum has for many years
possessed the fine statuette of another scribe named Kames (B. M. Cat. 1022)
found at Biihen and presented by Sir Charles HoUed Smith, f Our expectations
however, were disappointed, for nothing more valuable than the fragments of
inscriptions detailed in the Appendix to Chapter III was found in this series of
rooms. But in the inost improbable of places, when clearing the northern wall of
the "inner city" to complete the study of the fortifications, we suddenly came
upon a cache of three statuettes buried in the drifted sand of the desert only three
feet below the stirface. There were no buildings of any kind {cf. Plan G),
just at this particular point, which was a few feet north of the sixth buttress
in the wall so that it is evident that the statuettes had been carried away,
probably by robbers, from their original place and dropped or deposited where
we found them. The level, judged by that of the nearest buildings on the south
and north, is the level of the late XVIII* to XX"" Dynasty habitations; and the
character of the epigraphy of the inscriptions dates them beyond all question to
the XVII I"" Dynasty, though the style of the sculpture would have suggested an
earlier period.
Statue of The finest of the three is the statue of a seated scribe named Amenemhat, now

Amenemhat in the University Museum (10980). The material is a hard dark stone resembling
diorite and the figure, which is of remarkably fine workmanship, is .36 m high
(PI. 36). In general style the statue closely resembles that in the British Museum.
Amenemhat, like Kames, is seated on the ground with his left leg upright and his
right leg folded under it. He is naked to the waist, but over his knees is spread a

* Described and figured by him in " Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology,"
March, igo6.

t Figured in " The Egyptian Sud^n," by E. A. Wallis Budge, Vol. I, p. 578.

(108)

STATUES FOUND NEAR THE TEMPLES 109

kilt on which is carved an inscription containing his name and title and a prayer to ff^crfbe
Horns of Buhen. Written in five vertical lines the inscription is as follows : »^ i^aT"^*"'

"An offering which the king gives! Horus, lord of Buhen, great god, siuiiliiiidc
of Re, may he grant splendour, strength and triumph [against] the foes,

"a following of those who belong to {the goddess) Maat (?) for the ka of the valiant
foreman of the king, Amenemhat. "

On the edge of the kilt, passing along the thighs and behind the back, is a
single line of inscription :

"An offering which the king gives! Amon. may he grant a sweet wind of tJic
north, a drinking of the water upon the eddy of the stream

"for the ka of the watchful foreman of the god's ivife the [ . . . ]* Amenemhat. "
There is a third inscription on the top of the stone base:

"An offering ivhich tlie king gives! A thousand of everything good and pure,
funeral offerings of bread and beer for the ka of the royal acquaintance, the scribe,
Amenemhat."

And finally his name is written again on the upper part of the right arm :
■^^ i= -=^ Wl " The scribe Amenemhat. "

The modelling of the nude portions, especially the arms and back, is
extraordinarily delicate and the whole treatment recalls that of the fine early
periods rather than the XVIH*'' Dynasty.

♦The sign before "Amenemhat" must be a title, unless it is a determinative of
htn -t = hmivt "artizans" (?). But the reading hni-i ntr "god's wife" is more likely
because of }}rp kn n stn below, and hrprsi-didi n si-t stn in his stela (see below,
p. 112).

no BUHEN

Small Almost touching this larger figure as it lay in the sand was a small statuette

statuette of - . , ,-r-,, . - . .

the scribe of Steatite .22 m. high inscribed with the name of the same person (PL 37). it is 01

Anienemhat ■ ■, rr^i ■ i • i i-i-

a very different character, formal and conventional. The attitude is that which is
often seen in New Empire statuary; the scribe sits on the ground, his knees drawn
up in front of him, swathed from neck to feet in a long robe out of which only
his hands appear. On the front of the robe are carved in beautifully cut letters
four vertical lines of inscription:

" An offering which the king gives! Horus, lord of Buhen, may he grant funeral
offerings of bread, beer, flesh, fowl, thread, linen, incense, ointment and everything
good and pure,

3S^Yf-l«^'-§^Y;U^-T

"offerings of all vegetables, that on which the god lives, all that which comes forth
upon his offering table,

" consisting of the daily supplies of every day for the ka of the scribe Amenemhat,
repeating life, possessing the reward of worth.

On the right side is a single vertical line :

" The scribe Amenemhat, begotten of the chieftain of Tahekht (some locality in
Nubia[?]) Resu.''

On the left side a single vertical line :

" The scribe Amenemhat, born of the lady of the house Rena. "
On the back, a single vertical line:

" The worthy one, the Osiris, the scribe Amenemhat triumphant."
This is now in the Khartum Museum.

STATUES FOUND NEAR THE TEMPLES 111

The third statue, .42 m. high, which lay a few inches from the others, also Siatue of

trie ScTlbs

represents a scribe (PL 37). It is of the same stone as the larger of the two figures Aahmes.
of Amenemhat but far inferior to it in execution, the relief being comparatively
fiat, the style lifeless and uninspired. The name of the scribe is Aahmes whose
father was also Aahmes, a judge. He sits upright on a stone seat clothed in a long
robe reaching from neck to ankles, out of which appear his hands crossed in front
of his breast.

On the right side of the stone seat is an inscription in four horizontal lines :

" An offering which the king gives! Horus lord of Buhen, Osiris in the midst of
This, may they grant funeral offerings of bread, beer, flesh, fowl, everything good
and pure,

" for the ka of the scribe Ahmose, born of Teti, daughter of Bedu, "
and on the left side in four horizontal lines:

"An offering which the king gives! Anion lord of the Thrones of the Two
Lands, Re-Horakhti, may they grant favour, love and ready wit in every place in
which the god lives,

4 — [J _.... J(^ I ^ ;^ -^ I l|

"/or the ka of the scribe Ahmose, begotten of the judge Ahmose. "
This is also in the Khart<im Museum.

112 BUHEN

STELAE FOUND NEAR NORTHERN TEMPLE
Stela of the By a curious chance part of the funeral stela of the scribe Amenemhat (10982)

Scribe

Amenemhat was found in room 48 on the north side of Amenhotep's temple. It had been taken
and cut into circular fonn so as to fonn the base of a column to support the roof
of the room. The most important parts of the figures and inscriptions however
survive (see PI. 34). Amenemhat is shown holding in his right hand a small
stand or brazier upon which a burnt-offering of two geese is being made; in his
left is a vase from which he pours a libation upon a table.
In front of this scene are five vertical lines of inscription :

-^ 1 1 1 ks®Jei™v— i.'^-j'T-i ki irr:

"... Aiucnemhat. he saith to the ka of Horns lord of Buhen, a thousand of
incense,

2-11 i ^ TK g:i -^ ? 'K ^^ J n — '^'^{fiO^^ — M —

"... gccsc, a thousand of choice joints, a thousand of everything good and pure,
offerings of every kind of fruit, for tlie ka of

"all the gods of Nubia. i\Iay tliey grant a good life, favour, love, wisdom in all work
for the ka of the judicious one who listens to what is said.

SIC stc

" who docs that ivith which the twbles are satisfied, accurate of heart, without multiplicity
of speech, goodly of admiration among the conimon people, praised of hitn who is
in Ills city,

" the watchful foreman of the king's daughter, the scribe* Amenemhat. "

♦The name itself is just in front of the figure.

For the ex])ression niwty sunt nst-j, cf. , ''"% ffl £^ / -^^^ »«*/vv> — ,._ / o

O ^ ®S 7^ ^ '~~S Brugsch, Worterh., Suppl., 1073 ; and f? % ^^ ^= ^^ \, ^=^

' " ' o 1^ Totenb., Introductory Hymn to Re. Pap. of ATwwi, 1. 16. (See Leemans,
Papyrus Egypticn, T. 2, PI. 2.)

STELAE FOUND NEAR NORTHERN TEMPLE 113

On the south side of Amenhotep's temple, viz., in room 13, at the stelaof
XVIIP'' Dynasty level, was fotand the stela of an officer named Sepedher
(10984). On the rounded top is a winged disk from which hang two snakes.
In front of the left snake is:

5 :c

P 1 f^ (tl 0 Vi^ " -^^'^ instructor, the scribe, Ahmose. "

Beneath this is an inscription in horizontal lines, of which only the first nine
remain, viz:

"An offering which the king gives, Ptah Sokaris . . . lord of Busiris, great
god, lord of Abydos,

' 'Horns, lord of Bulicn, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, KhakaurS triumphant,
the gods

HkflflS.~TII1l^<.9*

"who are in Wawat, may they grant offerings, incense,

''ointment, offerings of food, everything good, pure and sweet, that which heaven gives
[earth creates and the Nile brings\

" consisting of all good provisions for the ka of the commandant of {Bu)hen

" Sepedher, repeating life. He saith, ' I am the gallant commandant of Buhen,

" ' no commandant hath done that which I do, I built the temple

" ' of Horus lord of Buhen, to the satisfaction of the ruler of Kush.' "
*This sign, as printed, is only an approximation."

114 BUHEN

Stelae Another stela (1098 0, set up by Sepedher in honour of one of his brothers

. set up bv

Sepedher whose name is lost, was found not far away, just outside the southeast corner of

for his

Brother. Amenhotep's temple. It is broken and incomplete but enough remains to give a
valuable list of family names. At the top are parts of three horizontal lines
of inscription. In the top line only fragments of signs are visible. The
other lines give:

"... triiiiti pliant By his brother making his name to live, the commandant
of Buhen Sepedher* repeating life."

Beneath this is a portrait of the man to whose memory the stela was erected,
but whose name has unfortunately perished. He is seated in a chair »->■ holding
a wand of office. Opposite to him sits his wife Neki -<-« and between them are
seven vertical lines of inscription.

yi>«-'-ip^

"His u'ife, the lady of the house Neki. His son Mes. His son,
"his son (sic) Hcrshcri. His son Hersekhcr (?). . . .
" His son Hernefcr. His son Takhcrsenzetef.

I ^ ^^^^^^- — ^(i<:=>iiiiir

"His brother, whom he loves, Rennefer ....

"t . . . Tny, his brother Herhotep."

An eighth line is written horizontally above the head of the deceased.

*For the stela of this Sepedher himself see above, p. 113.

tFor the name Tuy see Lieblein, N amenworterbuch. Suppl., 2026.

STELAE FOUND NEAR NORTHERN TEMPLE 115

Above a youth who holds a bird in his left hand and stands behind the chair

of the deceased is; J J "^ !m '^'"^ "His butler . . " The name that follows

is illegible.

On a buttress in room 5, lying face downwards and apparently in situ, was a stela found

in Room 5

small stela with a rounded top (10985). The room belongs to the N level, which
dates from the end of the XVI I P^ to the end of the XX* Dynasty (cf. pp.
104, 106).

In the upper register are five divinities, viz: Ptah and Amon-re, standing »-^ ,
and Khnmn, Satis and Anukis standing -«-• .

The lower register consists of three vertical lines of inscription, on the right
of which are two jars on stands, and a man -^-« offering a bunch of lotus-flowers
and pouring a libation into a large basin.

Inscriptions in the upper register, above Amon-re:

fl ^^ ^^37 '~''^ " Anion-re, lord of heaven. "

Above Ptah the inscription is destroyed.
Above Khnum is:

p; v\ j^ -^z:^ JU " Khnum, lord of tlie cataract. "

Above Satis is:
*Y^ ^;3:7 ? 0 I "Satis, mistress of Elephantine.''

Above Anukis, in two vertical lines, is:

^ I I 2. 1=^^ " Anukis [who is ivithin (?)] the island of Sehel."

A/WWVV

2 o i i 0:^:^3

In the lower register, in three vertical lines, is:

" Offering everything good and pure to Amon-re, to Ptah, beautiful-of -countenance,
he who is south of his wall

J J 1 1 1 1 I J jr — — ^ "^

" for all the gods of Elephantine, made by my lord for his lord (?) "

116 BUHEN

Fragment- At the southwest corner of the "Governor's house," but on the eaxly

ary Sfe'/iJ.

XVIII"' Dynasty level, was found a fragment of a large sandstone stela
(10986) belonging to a nb't pr, whose name is destroyed. The inscription, the
signs of which are large and roughly cut, mentions "Antikis within the south
land," and perhaps "Anubis on his hill" (?). All that now remains is in three
horizontal lines:

f <do

^miiTM- ■■■'■•-■ -i-^iimm

inr::tX'?lk — U'

^,c^,, 3. f-rl'ZZ^-g^ ^Hl. ^l \^^C3%%

1 f>^'.^^ '^1 J ,v:^ I s„. 'I'l j*s •— ' c^ ^-^ ^'i

Pottery Many jars, pots and bowls of rough undecorated earthenware were found about

from the

Houses the rooms and houses surrounding Amenhotep's temple. According to a custom

adjoining

theNorthern still in use among the modern fellahin they had been placed not in but below the

Temple.

rooms, buried in the rubbish with their mouths just flush with the clay floor, so as
to serve as convenient receptacles for any household stores, edibles or liquids.
They were especially numerous in what have been called the " priests' chambers, "
viz., Nos. I- 1 3 on the south side of the temple. One of these rooms indeed,
No. 13, contained as many as fourteen jars, of very large dimensions, which
occupied almost the whole area beneath the floor. The pottery is of a red-
burning clay, turned on the wheel and baked in a kiln. The fabric is coarse
and rough, sometimes coated with a light wash of haematite and sometimes
uncoated; an exceptional case is S Ixxviii, which is smooth and covered with a
cream-coloured slip. The entire series is illustrated on the scale of one-tenth, in
the outline drawings of PI. 38, and photographs of four of the finest specimens
are shown in PI. 39. Examples of representative types were brought back to
Philadelphia (Nos. 10962-10973), but the majority of the duplicates were left
in situ jtist as they were found, where they illustrate an interesting and
characteristic side of the domestic life of the New Empire.

In the rooms on the north side of the temple (see PI. 33) were found
several complete store-jars and many fragments painted with bold decorative
designs. A group of four pots stood untouched in room 55. Three of them were
undecorated, belonging to the types already described; the fourth is the handsome
jar, 10977, which is reproduced in the drawing on PI. 40. A few feet away
in an adjoining room was 10975, which is illustrated in the same plate; but

POTTERY AND SEALINGS FOUND NEAR NORTHERN TEMPLE 117

10974, a smaller pot, was found under the threshold of the entrance door of Pottery
the temple itself. An unique specimen is 10979 (P^- 4°). fragments of a dish houses ad-

r 1 1- I-1- T-iiiri.ii . joining the

of very large diameter found m room 43. It is handmade, faced with haematite Northern
and finely burnished. The interior is painted with fishes and lotus-flowers
in blue-black; the exterior border is painted alternately with a tongue pattern
in blue-black and with a crisscross design of white lines edged with blue-
black. The two series of designs on the exterior border are separated by
Hathor-heads moulded in high relief. The other fragment shown on the same
plate, 10953, has been part of the top of a tall jar, and is almost identical in
pattern and colouring with 10978 (not illustrated) of which only the bottom
half survives. These painted pots can be dated definitely to the XVI IP'' Dynasty,
as the rooms in which they were found are all of a single- period (cf. above, p. 107).

A number of impressions on clay of scarab-seals were found in various parts Seaiings

^ from the

of the dwellings surrounding Amenhotep's temple. These are figured on PI. 41. houses ad-

joining the

With only two exceptions they were found in L, the lowest stratum of all; but this Northern

Temple

fact is of little value for dating purposes, as although the L stratum represents the
XII"" Dynasty, yet the rubbish with which it was filled was put there in the
XVIII"' Dynasty. With the exception of one example, not illustrated, which bears
the name of MenkheperrS (Thothmes 3'^'*) there are no royal names and most of
the designs are purely decorative. Sometimes the seal-impressions had evidently
been attached to pieces of papyrus, the imprint of which was still visible on
the clay.

Scattered over the whole area between the two temples were large oval clay
seaiings averaging 9 by 8 centimetres in size when complete, but very frequently
broken. The majority of them were found in the L stratum but belong no doubt
to the XVI I P*" Dynasty. The most common type is represented by the left
illustration in the lowest line of PI. 42, which is actually a restoration made from
the comparison of many partially-destroyed seaiings. The king, wearing an
ostrich feather and holding a bow in his left hand, grasps in his right the cord with
which the arms of his prisoner are bound. Between the two figures is the symbol
Amentit and below them is a dog. There were apparently several variants of this
subject, in one of which a quadruped, perhaps a goat, stands instead of the symbol
Amentit. In another there are traces of signs above the heads of the two human
figures. This and Nos. 10933 a, b, very closely resemble the seaiings found in the
XVIII** Dynasty Nubian castle at Areika (see " Areika, " Eckley B. Coxe Junior
Expedition, Vol. I, PI. 9).

118 BUHEN

Seaiings Another class of the large oval sealings represents animals, a sheep, goat,

Houses jackal, bull, oryx, or rabbit (PI. 42, Nos. 10901, 10925, 10926). In PI. 43,

adjoining . , . , , . .

theNorthern Nos. 10903 to 10906, are the pottery stamps irom which were made impressions
similar to those shown below as Nos. 10928, 10929, 10930, 10932. But we did
not find actual impressions of these particular stamps. No. 10903 was found
in room C of Amenhotep's temple, 10904 in the buildings west of Hatshej^sut's
temple and 10905 just to the north of the north wall of the inner city.

CHAPTER VII

THE OUTER FORTIFICATIONS

It has already been briefly stated that the outer fortifications of Buhen
consisted of a great wall, heavily buttressed on the outer side, beyond which was
a dry moat with low walls as obstacles running along either lip (see Plan G).
The defences on the river front have perished, and elsewhere all have suffered so
severely that their foundations only could be traced, and even these sometimes
failed altogether. Our excavations started at the northeast corner of the town,
where the north wall met the river bank, and a detailed description of the
enceinte might begin at this point (see Plan E).

The main wall ran straight from the river to the rock face, across the long The North

Wall.

slope of sand that separates the desert plateau from the bank, a distance of about
a hundred and thirty metres; it was heavily battered and had a breadth of 8.75 m.
at the base while the buttresses set closely together along the northern face projected
another metre and a half. The wall was of brick throughout, not solid, but built
in chambers of which some were probably sand filled (this for economy in
construction), while others would be kept open as living-rooms and magazines;
the wall was ruined too much for these chambers to be traced in any detail, but
the system was obvious enough, and the finding in one of the rooms of some rough
pots of the characteristically Eighteenth Dynasty form S xxi showed at once the
use and the date of them. So complete had the destruction been that for the most
part only the solid outer portion of the foundations cotild be traced, with its
projecting buttresses, and much even of this had disappeared, leaving only a
shapeless film of brick lying in the sand; the extent of the surviving parts
can be seen on the plan. Where the bank slopes steeply down to the river, solid
foundations of rough sandstone underlay the brick, supporting the end of the
wall : the actual return along the river bank had been swept away.

Here, in the loose sand, no moat was possible — it wovild have been silted up
in a few weeks; in place of it, therefore, were two small and weak walls running
parallel with each other, about five metres apart and as much again from the
footing of the buttresses, forming, in military terms, an 'obstacle'; they would not
be manned by the defenders but would give assailants a pause during which they

(119)

120 BUHEN

The North would be subject to a heavy fire from the wall proper. The line of these walls
was not parallel throughout to that of the buttressed wall, but was broken by two
salients. The first of these came at the wall's end, on the river bank; it enclosed
an oblong area of about thirty metres by fifteen, within which could be traced the
mud floor of some building whose walls had disappeared: probably this was a
gateway with an entrance-tower analogous to that in the southeast corner of the
fortifications. About halfway between the river and the rock a similar but smaller
salient enclosed a tower of which the heavy stone foundations remained. The
building ran right up against the face of the main wall, obliterating one of the
buttresses; and the inner of the two curtain walls had here been thickened out
to a width of 3.70 m., so as practically to touch the tower and to form with it a
real unit in the scheme of defence. The strategic importance of the towers in these
salients is obvious, and on the north and south sides of the city, where circumstances
made the moat impossible, they are set more closely together; an enemy who
advanced over the sand and found himself in the narrow space between the two
curtain walls would be exposed to a short-range fire from both flanks at once, as
well as from the ramparts in front of him; for the towers project just far enough
to rake the line between these walls. The character of the towers could not be
recovered, but the foundations of that in the central northern salient were roughly
in the form of the letter H; on its eastern face were two platfonns of brick, one
narrow and one 3.70 m. wide, raised slightly above the pavement of mud brick
that covered uniformly the space between the inner curtain wall and the main
ramparts.

The West As soon as the line of defence reached the edge of the plateau began the regular

H'fl// and

Moat. moat (see PlanG). This was cut down into the solid rock; it was sik metres
wide and three and a half metres deep, with sides that sloped steeply down to a flat
bottom and were chiselled with remarkable smoothness and regularity. The low
brick walls rose directly from the edge of the lips, and would serve not only to
make the obstacle inore formidable but also to keep the moat clear of drift sand,
which would accumulate against the outer wall-face instead of settling in the
cutting.

At the northwest corner the moat was taken out into a salient enclosing a
slight eminence in the plateau that commanded the little sandy valley separating
the town from the New Empire cemetery on the north; here doubtless had been
a tower that would also rake the nearer line of defence along the north and western
sides, but even its foundations had disappeared. The angle of the main wall had
also been ruined away and the wall was only recovered some eighty metres from

THE OUTER FORTIFICATIONS 121

where the retiirn must have been, behind a second and smaller salient; here it J''^,}^'"^

Wall (Did

ran in a line roughly parallel to that of the moat retaining its system of irregularly Moat.
placed outer buttresses. Even here its thickness could not be determined (the wall
broke away behind with a width of about 1.50 m.) and after about forty metres
the buttresses also lost their form and, as the wall mounted again on to the higher
and more exposed rock level, all traces of brickwork disappeared. Some eighty
metres further on, where a break occurred in the rock face and the foundations of
the wall had had to be sunk deeper in the sand, traces of the inner face were found
with a large buttress on the inside — a feature not found elsewhere. The rock edge
itself on either side of this fragment of the old defences had been cut back to a
perpendicular face, but it seemed that this was rather for the convenience of houses
backed on the rock inside the line of fortifications than due to any peculiar featvire
of the fortifications themselves.

South of the great western salient which jutted out from the main lines in
the direction of our house, things became sadly confused. For some distance
the wall had run along the rock plateau, from which the traces of brickwork had
disappeared even more thoroughly than within the great salient itself; then it
climbed down the slope in whose face the tombs of the Middle Kingdom had been
cut on to lower and somewhat less level ground. Either here or on the preceding
level it had changed its coiirse to follow the lines of the moat; by the tombs
fragments of tumbled and shapeless brickwork seemed to show that the relative
distance between moat and wall had been slightly increased. When the true wall-
face could be picked up again after a break in which no signs of construction could
be found, there was a clean, squarely-cut end projecting beyond the outer line
and supported by a semi-circular bastion, or more probably constructional
buttress, perhaps intended to strengthen the corner of a right-angled return
connecting the two lengths of wall which, as seen on the plan, would not otherwise
meet.*

From this point the wall ran on unbroken to the beginning of the south-
western salient. It had no external buttresses, but the outer face (which alone
could be traced) was broken by shallow rectangular cannellations running vertically
up it which looked as if the wall had been strengthened with upright beams; there
was also good evidence for fiat binding timbers having been built in through the

*0r possibly we have here one side of a skew gateway of which the eastern jamb attached
to the end of the other wall stretch has disappeared; but no evidence of this other than the
curious form of wall's end and buttress could be secured, and a gateway here is not in itself
very probable.

122 BUHEN

JvaiUmd ''^^^'^^"^ss of the wall — a feature that also occurs in the fortress of Mergissa, ten
Moat. miles south of Buhen. On the high upstanding rock enclosed by the south-
western salient the remains of brickwork were very scanty and confused, but it
would appear that there was here a gateway giving egress from the corner tower.
The South From this point the defences were carried down over the sand to the river

Wall.

bank. As at the northern end, the moat was abandoned and the double obstacle-
walls took its place, running out halfway to the river into a salient wherein the
stone foundations of a tower could with difficulty be traced, and forming at the
river's edge a second salient (now destroyed) wherein had been a gateway. In
precise conformity with the scheme on the north, the main wall went straight from
corner to corner, and was heavily buttressed externally; only at its eastern end
was it sufficiently preserved to admit of being exactly planned. The gateway was
between the second and third buttresses and gave on the brick-flagged space
between the main and the curtain walls: from it the exit must have been by a
turn to the left and then to the right through the now ruined salient (see Plan G).
The East The east wall has for the most part at any rate fallen away into the river;

Wall.

no excavations were attempted between the southeast corner and the temple of
Hatshepsut. North of the temple a few parallel walls connected by cross-walls,
running up to the face of the Middle Kingdom buttressed wall between the two
temples, may be taken to show that the Eighteenth Dynasty builders incorporated
in their new line of outworks the eastern side of the old fortress and continued it
northwards by a wall built on the compartment system. The last traces of such
a possible wall were found about halfway between Hatshepsut 's temple and the
northeast corner of the outworks. Beyond this, running from right up against
the northern main wall to a point some sixty metres south of it, where it was ruined
away altogether, was a curious construction. The outer feature of this consisted
of a triple row of brickwork, each line one brick (o.io m.) thick and separated
from the next by one brick's length (0.30 m.); between the lines were bricks laid
across lengthwise at a distance of 0.30 m. from each other, so that the whole
formed a series of shallow box-like compartments. Mud mortar had been very
freely used. As there were signs of bricks projecting on the outside of the line,
where the bank sloped steeply down, it is probable that there had been another
or an indefinite nvimber of other longitudinal rows similarly divided into squares.
One can only suppose that this is the lowest course of a compartment-built wall
with unusually small compartments ; as each coiirse was laid, or each few courses,
the boxes would have been filled with sand, a complete brick course laid above,
and then a new series of boxes begun. The saving in material would have been

THE OUTER FORTIFICATIONS 123

fifty per cent, and the saving in labour almost equally great, but the result can The East

Wall-

hardly be imagined as altogether satisfactory if strength of construction was
desired. Within this wall, 1.90 m. from its inner face, was a serpentine wall 0.20 m.
thick, of which one or two courses remained. The character of this betrays its
purpose fairly conclusively. A serpentine wall is the cheapest and most effective serpentine
form of retaining-wall, since the curved surface prevents the weight behind from
exercising direct lateral thrust at any one point; each brick is more or less
buttressed by its neighbor, and svich a wall, even though of only one brick's
thickness, can be taken up to a considerable height. This is the principle of the
famous serpentine wall at the University of Virginia. The compartment wall
(presumably the outer wall of the town, or perhaps a later patching of the
original construction), and the serpentine wall were both built upon the hard
mud deposit of the bank ; behind the latter the piled-up sand must have formed
a higher platform, the level on which in this quarter of the town the Eighteenth
Dynasty buildings were erected. The collapse of this retaining-wall would be
followed by the entire denudation of the level immediately behind and would
account for the non-existence of buildings in this corner of the site.

Within the town area, between this northeast corner and the temple of
Amenhotep, was a building very analogous in character to. that just described.
A roughly circular area, with an entrance on the south of which one side only
remained, was enclosed by an irregular serpentine wall. This is of a single brick's
thickness, with occasionally a header inserted so as to project behind and bind
with the filling; the outer face of the wall is mud- washed, the inner left rough;
the wall has disappeared on the east side, but on the north stands as much as six
courses high. It is quite clear that this is a retaining-wall for a sand platform,
for there is house rubbish piled against the outer face from the level of its
foundations upwards, but inside the filling, up to the level to which the wall stands,
is of clean sand. The retaining-wall was ruined, the platform consequently gave
way, and the building on it disappeared ; rubbish from this ruin and clean drifted
sand covered the whole site and transformed it into a mere mound. On this
mound was later erected a building of which a few heavy walls survive ; it covered
an area larger than the original enclosure and its walls run over the top of the
serpentine wall and the sand that had piled itself against it. Over the ruins of
this building had been a poor flimsily-constructed house, of which several rooms
with hearths and bake-oven could be planned. All these three periods of building
come within the New Empire. Against the outer face of the serpentine wall, on a
level with its foundations, were found on the west side fragments of painted jars

124 BUHEN

Serpentine resembling those figured on PI. 40 and pots of the form S xxi ; at the northeast

Walls.

an alabaster vase (10711, PI. 66) which can well be of the New Empire,
and at the southwest a small Isis figure of poor blue glaze which is definitely of
that period. Under the floor of the latest house and well above the clean sand
that marks the interval between the first and second buildings were found a great
number of mud seal-impressions; one of these bore the name of Men-kheper-R^
(Thothmes 3''''), others showing Horus of Buhen and other types are figtired
on PI. 41. From the poor late house came fragments of New Empire
pottery and a stone grinder and quern (10952). The serpentine wall, whose
foundations are well above the present tops of the Middle Empire walls that
underlie Amenhotep's temple to the south, must be dated to the early part of
the Eighteenth Dynasty, and would correspond to the solid black parts in
Plan D ; the second period is that of Hatshepsut and Thothmes 3'''^, also
planned in black, and the house above may well run into the Twentieth
Dynasty and correspond to the walls shown on the plan in hatching. It is
impossible to say anything of the nature of the earliest building, seeing that only
the foundations of its platform remain, and its chief importance is to illustrate
the purpose of the serpentine wall in the northeast corner of the fortress.

CHAPTER VIII
THE ROMANO-NUBIAN REMAINS

The Romano-Nubian site lay some ^oo metres south of the walls of Buhen. A House
It had been an open village of poor houses and a little experimental work soon
showed that it would not repay the labour of excavation. Only two buildings were
thoroughly cleared. One of these, a small house laid out on a very simple plan
(PI. 68 and Plan F), was built, like most of the village, of rough sandstone rubble
laid herring-bone fashion, the stones set on edge and sloped in opposite directions in
alternate cotirses; it was much ruined and no more than three courses remained
standing in any part. Except for the sherds of characteristic pottery that littered
all the site there were no objects found in the house worth recording.

Just south of this against the shelving rock-edge of the plateau was a curious The

Temple (f)

though much ruined building which from its ground-plan we took to be a small
temple (PI. 68a). At the east end was a narrow stairway, of which four steps
remained, leading to a rectangular platform with containing walls of coursed rubble
and a solid filling of stones and sand. Its original level could not be judged ; if
the whole of the approach was stepped the height must have been considerable:
but very likely the steps were continued by a level passage, and the platform may
have been not much higher than it is at present. On the platform near the top of
the stairs was found loose in the sand the plain stone base of a column with a
diameter of 0.50 m. In the middle of the west side was a second shorter stairway
leading to another and higher platform on the rock. Following the line of its front
wall the rock had been cut back to a perpendicular face ; but above the walls had
disappeared and the traces of brick were not sufficient to give even the dimensions
of the original court. The whole building was of a mixtui-e of mud brick and
coursed rubble, amongst the latter being a good deal of ashlar stone taken from
older buildings : the corners were carefully set, but the general style of construction
was bad in the extreme. At the west end, where a point is marked with an asterisk
on the plan (Plan E), was found a bronze coin 9102 of Cleopatra, obverse, diademed
bust of Cleopatra 7* ; reverse, eagle 1. on thunderbolt, to 1. double cornucopia, to r. n,
legend KAEOHATPAS BASIAISSHS; struck in Alexandria (Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 5,
PI. XXX, 7). At the point marked (2) was another coin, an illegible 'third brass';

(125)

126 BUHEN

Date. at (3) was a very small Meroitic ostrakon and at (4) a fragment of a stone offering-
table, with Meroitic inscription. It is worth mentioning here that in the little sandy
valley that separates the Buhen fortress from the New Empire cemetery H to the
north of it there was found a well-preserved coin 9101 of Ptolemy Philadelphus,
of Cyprus, obverse, laureate head of Zeus, r; re7>erse, eagle 1. on thunderbolt with
wings open, to 1. 2 over a shield, between eagle's legs P, legend IITOAEMAIOT
BASlAEnS (Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 19, cf. PI. iv, 3). These coins may be evidence
that we have to do with one of the old settlements of the true Meroitic people, of
which five were destroyed by Petronius in 23 b. c, between Kasr Ibrim and the
Second Cataract, and we cannot definitely state that there was a subsequent
Blemyan occupation because, though the pottery is precisely that with which the
Blemyan cemetery of Karan5g has made us familiar, we do not yet know what the
Meroitic pottery of the first century b. c. was like. Presumably it resembled the
Blemyan, which was derived from it, but whether that resemblance approached
identity cannot as yet be said. Certainly on the Haifa site, where the early coins
were found, there was no pottery recorded of a type sufficiently distinct from that
of Karan5g to be referred to an earlier period; we must suppose either that the
coins were a survival and the settlement is later than their date, or that the
Blemyan style of pottery goes back without marked differences at least into the
first century b. c. — a not unnatural supposition, seeing that the pottery continues
practically unchanged during the four hundred years covered by the cemetery of
Karan6g.

The Hill Almost duc north of the Gebel Turob was a long hog's-back ridge, which

curving round slightly to the east came to a point over against Gebel Turob, and
was divided from it by a very narrow low-lying pass. On the very point of the
ridge were the ruins of a small brick building, of which a plan is shown in Plan F.
Most of the walls had perished down to their foundations : only the solid mass of
brickwork in the middle and the walls of the double hearth or bin in the northwest
chamber stood some 0.50 m. high: doorways could with difficulty be made out,
and the main entrance could not be found at all. Judging from the thickness of
its walls, the southwest chamber may well have been domed and the rest vaulted,
but on the denuded site no roofing-bricks were to be seen and the character of the
building must remain conjectural. A few fragments of pottery were found, all of
Romano-Nubian type. Amongst the walls and littered over the little artificial
platform built out over the point of the hill and over the steep hill sides, down
which they must have been wilfully flung, were found pieces of three sandstone
lattice screens or windows; in two of these the open-work design had had for its

THE ROMANO-NUBIAN REMAINS 127

motives peculiar gryphon-like birds and crowned uraeus snakes, while various The mil

Shrine.

floral elements may have been combined with these or may have belonged to the
third screen. The workmanship is remarkably delicate, especially when the
coarse nature of the sandstone is considered, the curved lattice bars being
sometimes no more than half a centimetre in width; unfortunately this delicacy
made the destruction of the whole the more complete and the fragments collected
from the hillsides represent but a small part of the originals and do not suffice
to restore their design. These stone screens, which seem to be peculiar to
Romano-Nubian art, are dealt with more fully in volume V of this series. Judging
from this elaborate decoration and from the isolated and commanding position
of the building, there can be little doubt that it was a Romano-Nubian shrine
analogous (except in so far as it was not a burial-place) to the modern Sheikhs'
tombs that crown the hilltops behind Korosko, at Kasr Ibrim and elsewhere, and
are periodically visited by the devout.

Below this hill and at some distance to the south of it were a number of low Goat

Burials.

mounds. Six were opened and proved to be goats' burials. The pits were roughly
circular, cut in the sand with a diameter of about 1.20 m. and a depth of about
0.60 m. ; they were roofed with rough flagstones over which a heap of sand was
m.ade and stones piled on the top of it. The bodies were dismembered, and the
bones lay in a bundle at the pit's bottom; there was not more than one body to
a pit, but in several cases not nearly all the bones of one body were present. The
skin was buried with the bones : the bones were not burned, but there were fragments
of burnt charcoal among them. Probably these goats were sacrificial victims of
which the remains had to be put decently out of the way. But there is no means
of arriving at their date — whether they are of Egyptian or Romano-Nubian
times, and the graves are described here merely because they stand in closer
geographical relation with the Romano-Nubian remains.

Between the goat-tombs and the river, on the plateau above the Meroitic The Tombs.
town, were graves of the same date as the town, of which a few were opened.
They were small and poor, corresponding to the meanest types of the Karan5g
graves, and clearly not worth more labour than would suffice to establish their
period and character. Three of them may be described as typical.

87. TypeA4*. Pit cut in the sand i. 00 m. deep, chamber 1.60 m. by 0.50 m.,
walls one course of bricks high, roof vault of two bricks leaned towards one another,
with part of a third cut as a voussoir to cap the arch. The grave lay east by west ;

* For types see vol. Ill, ch. 3.

128 BUHEN

The Tombs, it had been opened from above and contained scattered bones d^ : also in the grave
were some leather, apparently belonging to a belt and apron; a bone hair-pin ;
fragments of an iron knife; two plain rings of bronze (? ear-rings) ; a whetstone.

S 8. Type C i. Recessed in the west side of its shaft, chamber lying north
by south, walled off with stone slabs; 1.35 m. by 0.60 m. and 1.35 m. deep. Grave
had been opened from shaft : in it a body c? , disturbed, but had been doubled up
with the knees to the chin. There were remains of coarse cloth round the body.
Also in the tomb were two pots, F vii (a rather long variant), red with black
and white rings, and F xxxii of very coarse red clay.

S 9. Type B 6. Dromos north by south; chamber lay east by west, 1.30 m.
by 0.90 m. and 1.80 m. deep. Had been opened from in front. Remains of a
body, distui'bed, but had been doubled up. Round the body were remains of
rough cloth, brown with a broad red band; also in the tomb, rough plain leather
sandals without uppers; pots F v, plain red clay; F x, two examples, plain red,
height 0.075 '''^•

Their Date. The fact that the bodies were flexed differentiates these tombs from those of

Karan6g and may point to their belonging to the older Meroitic culture rather
than to the Blemyan, though the Nobades at a late period of the Blemyan
occupation seem to have followed this custom of burial {cf. Archaeological Survey
of Nubia, BviUetin 3, p. 15); but since the pottery, both from these tombs and
from the re-used tombs of the old Egyptian cemeteries, resembles that from
Karan5g far more closely than it does that from Dr. Reisner's excavations referred
to above, the earlier dating, which would also agree better with the Ptolemaic
coins from the town site, must be considered the more probable. In the H
cemetery two intruded Romano-Nubian burials were found undisturbed, and in
each of these the body was in the normal Blemyan position, extended on the
back, with the hands folded over the pelvis. If we have here two periods, marked
by two distinct racial rites, of which the Blemyan is well established, the other is
more likely to precede than to follow it.

CHAPTER IX
THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY CEMETERIES

The two cemeteries H and T lay north and south respectivelv of the house Cemeteries
built by the expedition; but, though distinct in position and to a large extent
different in the character of their tombs, they must be regarded as of the same
date. A few of the shaft tombs of cemetery J were possibly first cut in the
Twelfth Dynasty and subsequently re-used for Eighteenth Dynasty burials, and
a certain number of graves in the northern cemetery showed by their contents that
its use was continuous through the Nineteenth Dynasty — in fact, it was probable
that interments were made here up to the time when, in the Twentieth Dynasty,
Buhen was deserted ; but during the Eighteenth Dynasty the two cemeteries were
impartially employed, and the majority of their contents belong to this period.
Both cemeteries were plundered during the Romano-Nubian period and many of
the graves re-used by the people of the Meroitic town ; a fresh plundering took
place in or shortly after that period, but thenceforward the graves seem to have
remained undisturbed.

Cemetery H lay on and just below the edge of the rock plateau on which our Cemetery h.
house was built. The northwest corner of the XVI I P^ Dynasty enceinte wall
enclosed a projecting tongue of rock slightly higher than the rest of the plateau
and falling away on the north to a shallow sandy valley. A few tombs lay in the
plateau directly west of this corner salient, but the greater number were north of
the valley. On the fiat table-land were the shaft graves that formed the majority
of the tombs, the shafts from two to five metres deep, M^th from one to seven
chambers opening out of these. As a rule the brick superstructures had
disappeared; but in one or two cases (see H 30, PI. 44) the stone cover-slabs were
still in place above the shafts and there were a few courses left of a brick rectangle,
which doubtless was a small painted chapel siirmounted by a barrel vault and
a pyramidiun like those of the XX"" Dynasty excavated by the expedition at
Anibeh. Sometimes this chapel had around it or in front of it a small brick-walled
courtyard ; more often this was lacking. The chapel itself always stood directly
above the shaft of the tomb, whose cover-slabs formed its floor; not, as at Anibeh,
a little way to the west of it. At the edge of the platform, where the rock shelves

(129)

130 BUHEN

Cemetery H. away and disappears under the sand that slopes down from it to the river, were cut
a few tombs with a stepped or sloping dromos and a door at the end of it leading
into chambers whose pillars supporting the roof made more close the analogy to
the Theban gallery tomb, of which these are a local adaptation. Here there were
no traces left of superstructures, but the original appearance of the graves can
with tolerable certainty be recovered from the superstructures of the similar
XII"' Dynasty graves further to the south (see below, Chap. 13). Besides these
rock-cut tombs there were in the sandy ravine already mentioned, and in the drifted
sand below the edge of the rock, a certain number of brick-lined trench tombs and
of plain surface burials belonging to the same period but to the poorest classes.

Cemetery J. On the conical hill Ijehind the house some littered potsherds had pointed to

the possibility of tombs existing there, but it was surprising to find the hill simply
honeycombed by the roughly ttmnelled graves of the poorer people of the
Eighteenth and following Dynasties. There were twenty- five tombs in the hill,
including two surface burials and two galleries that were in a state too dangerous
to admit of our working them, and from these twenty- five tombs were recorded
no less than three hundred and forty-six bodies, while the original number may
have been still greater. Apart from the quantity of pleasing small objects that
they produced, these tombs were chiefly interesting for their brick superstructures —
or more properly, approaches — which in several cases were well preserved: the
photograph of J 15 on PI. 44 shows well the small forecourt with its low wall,
the heavy wall behind that masks the rock face, the open cutting in the
rock, brick-lined and vaulted, that led to the tomb proper, and finally the doorway
opening into the chamber cut in the rock. It would seem that the stelae giving
the names, etc., of the dead were set up in the vaulted approach; the outer court
was perhaps used for offerings made at the tomb.

Below the hill appropriately named by us ' 'Gebel Turob , ' ' the ' ' Hill of Tombs, ' '
were two plateaus of rock, an upper and a lower; on each of these were found
scattered shaft tombs resembling in every particular those of cemetery H ; and in
the low rock face where the upper plateau broke away to the lower level was a
series of small gallery tombs also exactly like those in the other cemetery. These,
like the tombs in the hill, belonged wholly to the New Empire, if not exclusively
to the Eighteenth Dynasty. The shaft graves, judging from the general character
of their contents, dated from the same period, and if the occurrence in J 38 of a
cylinder seal bearing the name of Amenemhat enclosed in a cartouche suggests
that the grave may have belonged originally to the Twelfth Dynasty, yet it
must be remembered that the name was used for private persons as late as the
Eighteenth.

THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY CEMETERIES 131

The tombs, having been exempt from the repeated modern plunderings from Tomb
which the cemeteries of Egypt have suffered, were remarkably productive; it was
the exception and not the rule to open a tomb in which there was not some object
of interest and importance. Thanks partly to the efforts of ancient robbers, but
more to the ravages of white ants, the sarcophagi and the wooden furniture had
entirely perished, — films of paint lying upon a shell of dust that crumbled at the
touch, or a rare fragment such as the wooden figures of girls from H 25 (PI. 64),
were a proof more tantalizing than satisfactory of what had been lost. Of minor
and less perishable things there was store enough however; pottery, beads, scarabs
and small bronze objects were very numerous, and owing to the number of such
objects occurring often in a single grave, there was unusually good evidence for
exact dating. Alabaster and other stone vessels were very common, but
unfortunately the soil had not dealt kindly with them, and in the bulk of cases the
surface of the stone had so far perished as to make the specimens of small value
for museum purposes. The few better preserved examples were divided between
Kharttim and Philadelphia, and the rest, or such of them as were worth removing,
were taken en masse to Khartum. Amongst the Sudan examples are a small steatite
saucer-bowl inscribed with the name of Pnoufer, district-scribe of Elephantine,
and an alabaster jug which resembles the Philadelphia specimen No. 10296, PI. 66 ;
Philadelphia, besides this jug, has the fine alabaster pilgrim bottle 10299, a steatite
jug 10298, a serpentine cup 10297, ^^'^< iTiore remarkable, as mall kohlpot
of beautifully polished obsidian 10300 (all on PI. 66). Kohlpots of blue marble
were found as well in graves of the Eighteenth as in those of the Twelfth Dynasty.

The blue fayence was generally speaking of poor quality: this inferiority is
a matter not of date but of local production, and just as the fine Deir el Bahari
blue was produced there long after the Eighteenth Dynasty, so during that time
there were made at other factories wares of pale colour and indifferent surface. An
interesting piece from Buhen is No. 10290 (PI. 53), an imitation in glaze of the late
Mycenaean vase type of which an imported pottery example is seen in No. 10445
(PI. 48). The scarabs were very numerous, over two hundred being found
in the two New Empire cemeteries; the royal names include Hatshepsut,
Thothmes 3'''*, Amenhotep 2"'^, Amenhotep 3'"'*, Tut-ankh-amen, Rameses 1",
Rameses 2"^, and Rameses 4*''; also, of the period between the Twelfth and
Eighteenth Dynasties, Ankh-nefer-re and Ykeb (see Pll. 56-59).

The greater part of the pottery was of the nonnal Eighteenth Dynasty Pottery.
types, as can be seen from PI. 45-48; doubtless many of these were made not very
far from Buhen, and the presence of one or two 'wasters' may even point to a

132 BUHEN

Pottery. local manufacture. Some of the vessels, especially the larger sorts, S i, ii, vi,
are of the greenish grey ware common in the Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties
alike ; the majority are of rough red or brownish drab clay, either with a natural
surface m.erely smoothed in the potting or with a haematite wash; only
the smaller vessels are burnished, particularly S xxii (more often so than is
S xxiii, which seems to be a cheaper sort), S xxxiii, xxxvii, liii. A white slip,
which often flares to pink, is common on S xxxi-xxxvi, xxxix, xl, Ivi. Bowls
(S xxii, xxiii, xxviii) were often of a light mud-coloured clay with a narrow
band of red paint applied to the rim ; at Haifa this is particularly common in the
XVIII"' Dynasty graves, but here and at Anibeh it continues through the XIX*
to the XX* Dynasty. Only occasionally (usually on S xxii, xxiii, xxvi, xxx) was
the place of this red colour taken by the broad band of white paint more t:sual
on Egyptian sites, to which, in the case of S xxiii, was sometimes added a rough
white cross scrawled right across the interior of the bowl; it is possible that this
fashion connects us with the use of white paint in dots over the interior of similar
bowls in the XX'*' Dynasty. The bird-shaped pots 10603-7, PI. 48, are worth
noticing as illustrating though roughly the zoomorphic tendency of the Eighteenth
Dynasty potter; one example, 10605, shows traces of red and white paint on the
wings, the others are plain red. On the two jugs 10563-4, PI. 50, found in a
single tomb, there are on the burnished red surface outline drawings of gazelles
nibbling at a bush ; this painting of naturalistic subjects on pottery is very unusual
at the period and brings to mind rather some of the Tell-el-Amarna pottery.
There was found in a room adjoining theAmenhotep temple part of a great red
pottery dish with fish and lotus subjects painted on it (PI. 40) ; but in this case the
decoration is obviously borrowed from that of blue fayence bowls, whereas there
is no such analogy for the two jugs, which probably are due to a mere freak of the
potter's fancy. The vase 10433 (S xliii, PI. 48) clearly derives its shape from an
alabaster original. The jug 10605 (S xxxviii, PI. 47) has a peculiar handle the
nearest analogies for which are to be found in Italy of the Bronze Age. * Imported
Mycenaean stirrup-vases (S xli) and the degeneration of that type, S xlii,
(PI. 48) were of fairly common occurrence; a more interesting vase of foreign
make is 10738, PI. 50, which was found in the K cemetery, but had better be
mentioned here. A cofhn-pit of a XIP*" Dynasty tomb had been plundered and
filled up and on the surface of the rubbish and sand lay an undisturbed
XVIIP'' Dynasty burial; at the bottom of the coffin-pit, and therefore belonging
apparently to the earlier interment, were the fragments of this vase. It is
undoubtedly of JEgean origin so far as the decoration and the paint are concerned,

THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY CEMETERIES 133

but the ware and the shape are neither Cretan nor Melian, and the vessel must
come from some as yet unknown centre where Minoan influence was strong.

On PI. 49 are shown some of the numerous examples that were found in both Teiui-

Yahudieh

cemeteries of small black ware oenochoae with punctured decoration. The clay Ware.
from which these pots are made varies in colour after firing from brown to grey, with
a surface sometimes dark grey, sometimes deep black, and in one or two cases of a
brownish red ; in texture it is often peculiarly flakey — it might almost be described
as laminated — and the surface is liable to scale off in large pieces. The surface
is sometimes burnished, usually decorated with ziz-zag lines of small punctures
made apparently with a roulette; these are often grouped in vertical zones
divided by strips of plain burnished surface. There are three shapes, the squat
and the elongated piriform, each having a small knob foot, and the inverted
piriform, with no foot. These vases which are best known from the excavations
at Tell-el-Yahudieh and at Hou, have been supposed to belong peculiarly to the
period between the Twelfth and the Eighteenth Dynasties and to be characteristic
of the Hyksos. But, at least in Nubia, they were not confined to any such narrow
limits. Specimens or fragments of this ware and form are found in graves H 21,
23. 31- 33' 40, 45. 74, 76, 78, J 21, 27, 37, 38, 41, 44, K9, 10, 32, 45; of these
that found in tomb H 40 was a variant, having a creamy drab surface with straight
and waved horizontal bands of brown paint; the shape however is that of the
'Tell-el-Yahudieh' pots, and it is presumably an imitation in another fabric.
A similar vase but without the painted bands was found in K i. It is evident
that these as well as the examples in brown clay with a more or less burnished
haematitic face are of local manufacture, for both wares are commonly represented
in other shapes the indigenous character of which has not been questioned. Now of
the H tombs in which examples of black ware were found, H 21 had a scarab 10026
with the scroll border common in the XIP''-XIV* Dynasties, H 74 contained a scarab
10090 of Sesostris V\ but that this was merely a late revival was shown by the
presence of two scarabs of Hatshepsut 10091, loioi, and one of Thothmes 3'''^
10092; H 7,7, had a scarab 10053 o^ Tut-ankh-amen, H 76 a scarab loiii of
Rameses 2°"^ and H 23 a plaque 10032 of Rameses 4*. Again the K tombs 9. 10, 32,
45 belong to a cemetery lying inside the XVI 1 1"" Dynasty walls where dated objects
were always of the Middle Kingdom, and no intrusions of the subsequent period
occuired (see Chap. XIII). We see therefore that so far from being peculiar to
the "intermediate" period the Tell-el-Yahudieh pots occur, at least in Nubia, in
the Twelfth, the Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties. Seeing how
very common they are here in the south, as against their comparative rarity in

134 BUHEN

Teii-ei- north Egypt, and bearing in mind the Nubian fondness for black incised pottery

Yahudieh

Ware. which began in the earliest period and lasted down till the end of the Romano-
Nubian, we have little hesitation in assuming that though the shape is due to
foreign influence a considerable proportion of the actual specimens are of local
manufacture. The native potters would not be slow to imitate forms which
were first presented to them in a fabric peculiarly congenial; the decoration of
punctured triangles, etc. (see PI. 69) is no less indigenous in Nubia than it is in
many other places ; and perhaps the continued use of this ware after its apparent
disappearance from Egypt (whence at least no recorded XIX* or XX"" Dynasty
specimens have as yet come), may be a further and a final argument for its
manufactiire in the south.

Black- Another fabric for whose date we found new though not unexpected evidence

topped

Pottery, is the black-topped ware which was recorded from XIP -XVIII* Dynasty tombs
of Hou. The two characteristic forms of this finely burnished haematitic fabric
marked by the black inner surface and the lustrous black rim with a wavy grey
band separating it from the red body, (S Iviii and lix), occurred in tombs H i.
6, 8, 16, 26, 31, 45, J II, T,s, K 37, 44, 45. Most of the H and J tombs contained
scarabs without names but undoubtedly New Empire, and J 11 had one inscribed
" Neb-maatrg." On the other hand, the K tombs are definitely XII* Dynasty.
Many fragments of the same ware were found near and above the buttressed
wall that forms the north side of the inner fortifications, lying either immediately
upon the surface or well above the floor level of the XVIII* Dynasty, while in no
case were fragments found where digging was carried on below the later XVIII*
Dynasty floors. The most interesting find, however, was in tomb J ^^, Pll. 51, 52.
This was one of the series of small gallery tombs tunnelled into the low rock face
where the upper plateau breaks away to the east of Gebel Turob ; like those on
either side of it, it was purely of the XVIII* Dynasty. It had been plundered, and
the rubbish from within the tomb and the drifting sand had filled up the open dromos
to the level of the lintel of the door. On this rubbish, which prevented access to the
XVIII* Dynasty tomb and was necessarily formed after that had been ransacked,
lay an undisturbed burial ; the body, that of a man, lay crouched up on its right side
with its head to the east; in front of it lay the body of a goat. Over the man's
left thigh rested the splendid ceremonial swordof bronze and ivory ( 1 034 1 PI. 5 1 ) and
amongst the bones of the hands were the two curious amulets of ivory and electrum
in the form of flies shown on the same plate (10347, A and B) ; to the southeast of
the body, close to the side of the approach, was the fine set of black-topped vases
10608 to 1 06 1 6 figured on PI. 52. It is of course impossible to say when the

THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY CEMETERIES 135

XVIII"" Dynasty tombs was plundered, whether within that period or after its Black-
close; or to say precisely how long after its plundering the secondary interment Pottery.
took place; but certainly we must pttt the date at least well forward in the
XVIIP'' Dynasty. Therefore, as in the case of the Tell-el-Yahudieh pots, we
have the production of black-topped pots continued from the Middle Empire
until far into the New Empire. In this case, however, there can be no doubt
that the pottery is of purely local origin and that its introduction into Egypt
at one period or at another was merely the result of the casual presence there
of Nubian immigrants, slaves or mercenaries. The whole style of the fabric
is African and aboriginal; it is sporadic in the north and common in the south,
and most common there where the native civilization prevails over the Egyptian ;
thus in the Egyptian graves at Haifa isolated examples occur, whereas in the
non-Egyptian and purely Nubian contracted burial of J 33 we have a complete
service; the fragments on the top of the town site may actually date to after its
desertion by the regular Egyptian settlers ; and the place where we have found the
ware most commonly in use was the XVIIP*" Dynasty native Nubian 'castle' at
Amadeh (Areika, ch. 4).

There came from the re-used gi^aves (mostly of the H cemetery) a considerable Romano-

Nubtan

quantity of Romano-Nubian pottery, including many very fine painted specimens Pottery.
and a larger proportion than was found at Karan5g of black incised hand-made
vessels. As the University Museum is already rich in pottery of that date, and as
the civilization is naturally of peculiar interest to the Sudan, the mass of this
pottery was taken to the Khartiim Museum and only a few typical examples,
chiefly of the black incised ware, were brought to Philadelphia. The best of
these are figured on PI. 69, but in view of the exhaustive publication of such pottery
in Vols. Ill a,nd IV we have not reproduced the remainder. Though the pottery
was of a high level of merit, the graves were mostly poor and only one stone Ba
statue was found (viz. in H 68) ; it was of complete bird form. This also is in the
Khart<im Museum.

In tomb J 22 was found an iron implement, presumably a stone-cutter's tool, iron and

Bronze.

the blade and the ring that had bound the wooden handle lying together (PI. 63).
This was the only instance of iron occurring in the two cemeteries. A plain lead
bowl was found in tomb J 1 5 and like nearly all the objects from Gebel Turob must
belong to the XVIII*-XX* Dynasties. Amongst the bronze objects are to be
noted the two fine mirrors shown in PI. 62, with handles in the shape of
nude girls; another mirror with a lotus handle is at Kharttoi. A small bronze
cleaver in its original wooden sheath is figured on PI. 63. The splendid dagger

136 BUHEN

Brotize. from J 33 has already been mentioned in connection with the black-topped pottery;
two others of similar form but smaller size were found in tombs H 67 and K 32.
They probably represent [a genuine Nubian type, for the curious celt-shaped
handle is very different from the lunar handle of Egyptian daggers of the

Silver. Eighteenth and Twentieth Dynasties. From the poorer graves came two silver
torques with pendants in the form of cowries and other shells, and copper discs
(10327, PI. 65); on the same plate are shown impressions from the bezels of four
bronze finger-rings.

Gold. The thorough plundering of the cemeteries in ancient times had left but little

in the form of gold for modern excavators. From tomb H 23, however, was
recovered a very fine necklace of gold and amethyst beads (about 130 in all,
found scattered, but some adhering together so as to show original stringing),
exactly resembling those from K 8 and K 32 {cf. Frontispiece); this is in the
Khartiim Museum. H 60 produced a string of small ovoid electrum beads. J
36 the remains of a gold necklace of ring beads, cowrie shells and couchant
lions (10279, P^- 60); as with the silver shell pendants to the torques these
fancy beads were all made of very thin metal laid over a core of some kind of
composition, the decay of which has left the beads hollow and peculiarly liable
to be crushed. From H 80 came a string of plain gold beads with very beautifully
made pendants of carnelian and glaze, in the shape of lotus flowers and flies
(10262, PI. 54); the fly appears so often as an amulet (cf. the ivory and electrum
flies of J 33) that it must have a particular local significance; in some sets of

Amulets, beads, e. g. 1027 1, PI. 54, it fonns the principal motive of decoration. A number
of other amulets are figured on PI. 55; 10205, i" blue glaze, if meant for Bes,
shows a curious treatment of that god; 10234, carved in carnelian, is also
remarkable; probably it represents the embryonic Ptah; 10677 is in lapis
lazuli with minute gold rings for the bird's eyes.

Wands. Ivory wands in the shape of arms (10348-9) were found in place (see H 82).

In the detailed descriptions of tombs H 10, H 100, J 29 there is given the evidence
for the reconstruction of the small plaster or clay masks which were so common
in these two cemeteries and were used throughout the whole of the period as
well as in the XIP*" Dynasty (see Pll. 60, 61).

The inscribed stelae found in the two cemeteries were not very numerous.
They are roughly cut in the local sandstone and have often suffered considerably
from the action of salt. The inscriptions are published below, pp. 180-184.

Masks.

Stelae.

CHAPTER X

CEMETERY H. DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

Note. — All tomb plans are drawn so that the north (as reckoned by the course of the river) is on the right
hand side.

For forms of pottery vessels, see Pll. 45-48. For forms of stone vessels, see PI. 6j.

The sign (^ stands for male Q for female, + for immature or child, o for a body of which not enough
remained for the sex to be distinguished.

Tomb H I.

A ruined wall 1.20 m. wide enclosed a courtyard measuring 12.00 m. by 12.50 m., which lay Tomb H 1
directly over the tomb. Towards the middle of this was the shaft, its edges lined by three or
four courses of brickwork 0.50 m. wide being all that remained of the superstructure proper.
The shaft was 4.60 m. deep and had chambers east and west; in the filling were found an
uninscribed amethyst scarab (loooi) and fragments of an inscribed sandstone stela which bears
the name of Kheperkare-didiu and is described on p. 180.

The doorways leading into the chambers had well cut reveals. Chamber A was quite empty.
In chamber B were two coffin-pits sunk 0.90 m. below the level of the central floor-space. In
this central space were found fragments of a wooden head-rest; a bronze
spiral wire ring; fragments of an alabaster kohlpot; fragments of a gilded
plaster mask, and the following pottery: S xi red ware with band of white
paint round the rim, height o.ii m.; S xvi two examples, rough red clay,
height 0.15 m.; S xix reddish-drab clay, creamy white slip flared in spots
to pink, height 0.22 m., 10427, PI. 46, and fragments of a second; S xxi
rough red clay; S xxii fragments of several of red and of one of buff ware
with creamy slip; S xxiii three examples in rough red ware, diameter
0.06 m., 0.06 m., O.II m., respectively, and fragments of a fourth; S xxv a
variant with slightly more rounded profile than the type, red ware lightly

burnished, diameter 0.08 m.; S xxxii fragments of two with dark string-hanger pattern on light
ground; S liii fragment of well burnished red ware; S Iviii fragments of two finely burnished
examples.

In colfin-pit (i) were found a pair of bronze tweezers, 10301, PI. 64; a bronze knife-blade,
10302, PI. 63; a few blue glaze beads; and pottery S ix red clay, height 0.405 m., 10426, PI. 46;
S xxii red clay finely burnished, diameter 0.16 m., 10428; S xxxi red ware with white slip, height
0.15 m., fitted with a clay disc stopper.

In coffin-pit (2) were found two spiral bronze wire rings, much decayed ; an alabaster kohlpot
and lid, much decayed; and a pottery bowl, a variant of S xxv, the rim being straight instead of
carinated, finely burnished red clay with a chocolate band round the lip, diameter 0.145 ni- 10429.

Scale. 1:500.

Tomb H 2.

No traces of the superstructure remained. The shaft was 3.40 m. deep, the
doorway to the single chamber had no true reveal and the chamber itself was poorlv
cut; along its south side ran a low shelf 0.20 m. wide, cut in the rock. In the
chamber were the remains of five bodies; fragments of a wooden sarcophagus and
of a wooden head-rest; and a little broken pottery, two bowls S xxiii of reddish clay,
fragments of two large handmade pots of red clay, one plain, the other covered
with a whitish slip, and of another handmade pot, black in section and burned
brown on the surface; the shape of these pots could not be distinguished with certainty.

(137)

Scale,

Tomb H 2

138

BUHEN

Tomb H 3.

Tomb H 3. There were no traces of any superstructure. The shaft was about 3.5001. deep and had

doorways both east and west; there were five chambers in all. The chamber A was a large one
(3.90 m. by 4.20 m.), and the chamber C opened out of it on the same level; in
the southwest corner of A was a second shaft 2.20 m. deep opening at its west end
into the chamber B in which there was a narrow central floor-space having on
each side of it a coffin-pit sunk to the depth of 0.95 m. On the east side of the
shaft the large chamber D (4.50 m. square) opened on E wherein again were two
coffin-pits sunk i.oom. below floor-level. The tomb was therefore rather an
elaborate one, but it had been very thoroughly plundered, both in antiquity and
in (or after) the Romano-Nubian period.

In the shaft was found a fragment of an inscribed stela of very poor workmanship ,

also S xxi, broken; and a Romano-Nubian pot F xxxii plain red ware, height

0.20 m.

In chamber A were a few male bones; fragments of one alabaster and two much decayed

limestone kohlpots; a plaster mask with traces of paint, 10403, PI. 61 ; three rectangular pieces

of blue glaze inlay; and of pottery S xxi fragments of several; fragments of buff-faced ware with

black paint lines, S xxxi-xxxvi; S xli, top only; S liii fragment, red clay finely burnished; S Ix

coarse red clay.

Chamber B was empty. In chamber C were found some fragments of bronze, including
a cylinder with ring binding; a cylindrical fragment of rock crystal; fragments of two alabaster
vases, much decayed; some rectangular pieces of blue glaze inlay; pottery, S xxiv, pink clay,
light red slip, diameter 0.088 m., 1043 1, PI- 47 • S xliii, red clay, pinkish-white slip, height 0.26 m.,
10433, PI- 4S; S li, mud-coloured clay, haematite wash, broken, 10432; S Ivi, red clay, burnished
white slip, 10434.

Chamber D was empty.

Tomb H 4.

Tomb H 4. This was a very large but ill-cut grave. There remained no traces of superstructure. The

shaft was 3.00 m. deep and at the bottom of it there was a large niche cut into the south wall
to serve as a burial-chamber. The whole side was left open, so as to admit of
a coffin being placed in it, and it was the whole length of the shaft (2.40 m.) by
1.80 m. high, and 0.75 m. deep. At the west end of the shaft was a chamber A
from which one passed into three more. B, C, and D; the last chamber lay lower,
its roof level with the floor of C, and to give access to it a sloping passage had
been cut down into the rock from the east end of chamber C to its west doorway ;
C and D were only i.oo m. and 0.90 m. high respectively, whereas A and B had
the more usual heights, respectively, of 1.65 m. and 1.30 m. The tomb had been
re-used in Romano-Nubian times, and again plundered after that period.

In the shaft were found numerous fragments of pottery, chiefly of Romano-
Nubian types, including parts of a jar F iv of red ware with frogs and ankhs
roughly painted in black, and of F xii and F xix.

In chamber A were found a bronze finger ring with inscribed bezel 10005, and

another, the hoop broken; also part of a bronze buckle; some discs of ivory

0.03 m. in diameter; two carnelian hair-rings, 10350-10351, and fragments of a

third; part of a blue glaze finger ring and some blue glaze beads, ring beads and bugles of

different sizes, 10241-10242. Of pottery there was a hand modelled in relief, coming from one

of the rude clay sarcophagi of which traces were found in several tombs; S iii of reddish-grey

Scale, 1:300.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

139

ware with red paint round the rim, height 0.42 m.; S xx plain red, three examples, height Tomb H 4.
0.24-0.25 m. Besides these there were 71 pots of Romano-Nubian fabric:

F i plain red, rim broken, height 0.29 m.; F ii plain red, height 0.28 m.; F iv, small with,
on the shoulder, trefoil leaves in high slip technique; F v, four plain red, heights 0.18 m., 0.20 m.,
0.21 m., 0.28 m. ; red with black and white rings, two examples, height 0.26 m. each, and another,
height 0.27 m. ; another, red with black painting of birds and water plants and inverted triangle,
spot-wreath on shoulder, height 0.27 m.; another, red with large crosses alternately black and
white, height 0.21 m.; another, light coloured with diaper pattern filled by ankhs and four-
petaled flowers (r/. 8291); also two flat-based variants, plain red, heights 0.29 m. and 0.26 m.;
F vii gray ware with incised hatching round neck, height 0.26 m.; another, black with incised
pattern, height 0.23 m., 10435, P^- 69; another, similar, height 0.18 m., 10436, PL 69;
four more black and one red with incised designs, 10646, PL 69; F viii two red with black
and white bands, heights 0.34 m. and 0.35 m.; another, plain, height 0.36 m.; another,
red, with wreath of black trefoil buds on a white band round the shoulder, height 0.37 m.;
F ix plain red, two, heights 0.21m., 0.19 m.; F xvii plain red, height 0.275 m.; another,
white with black rings, height 0.25 m.; F xix plain red, height 0.145 ™-' another, similar,
but with four handles, red with black rings, height 0.40 m. (broken); similar but with only
one handle, plain red, height 0.18 m.; F xxi red with black and white rings, height 0.20 m.;
similar, red with black wreath on shoulder and spot-wreath round neck, height 0.37 m.;
two others, plain red, heights 0.34 m. and 0.245 m.; F xxxii eight examples, plain red,
ranging between 0.32 m. and 0.09 m.; F xxxiv black wreath on shoulder, height 0.47 m.; F xxxv
red, with black spot-wreath, height 0.20 m.; also three plain red, heights 0.30 m., 0.295 m.,
0.23 m.; F xlviii buff below, above slate-gray with black wreath; another, red and black rings
on a light ground; three others plain red; another of rough black handmade ware with a hole
near the rim; F lii red with black wreath, height 0.105 m.; four more of plain red; a plain red
pot, a hybrid between F viii and F ix, elongated, with a spout about the middle of the body.
All these, with the exception of three, viz., 10435, 10436, 10646, are in Khart-fim.

In chamber B were fragments of wood, apparently from a very rough coffin ; a pot S xiv plain
red, height 0.37 m.; a pot S xx, plain red, height 0.23 m.; also Romano-Nubian pottery F xvii,
red with black bands, height 0.44 m.; another, similar, plain red, height 0.40 m.; F xxxii four
plain red, heights o.ii m., 0.13 m., 0.13 m., and 0.16 m., respectively; also a pot apparently of
the same date, F Ixx, height 0.29 m., of plain red clay.

Chambers C and D were empty.

In chamber E were found an ivory draughtsman, 10651 ; three scarabs, 10002, 10003, 10004,
PI. 56; a number of very small blue and white ring beads, 10241 ; also pottery, S iii two of plain
red clay, height 0.26 m. and 0.35 m.; S vii two of muddy red clay, height 0.16 m. and 0.19 m.;
S xi three of plain red clay, height 0.17 m., 0.29 m., and broken; S xv plain red. height 0.22 m.;
S XX rough drab ware, height o.23m.,o.25m.,and broken; S xxiii broken; S Ixi rough red clay,
height 0.135 i^-; and a red handled bowl of Romano-Nubian ware, F Ixxiii.

Tomb H 5.

A poor grave; there was only one chamber, on the west of the shaft, and that was
but 0.85 m. high; on the east face of the shaft was a niche perhaps for the door of a
second chamber, which was never finished. The grave was re-used in the Romano-
Nubian period.

In the chamber were a few bones, sex unknown. Also remains of a plain wood
coffin and of a wooden head-rest; fragments of an alabaster kohlpot; some gold foil
(from a mask) ; a scarab, 10006, PL 56 ; some green glaze discoid beads; and a broken
bowl S xxiii of mud-coloured clay with a band of red paint round the rim.

Tomb\H 5,

Scale, i:i$o.

140

BUHEN

Tomb H 5. Of Romano-Nubian date were a cylindrical wooden kohlbox, 10652; and pottery, F i red

with black bands; F iv "demons'" heads in brown paint on a light ground {cf. 8180); F vii
handmade black with two bands of incised hatching round the neck and concentric circles below,
another 10437, PI- 69, another red with incised arrow-head pattern round neck, another red with
incised band of straight lines enclosing waved lines round neck; F xix, a rather broad-lipped
variant of the type; F xxii red ware with white slip; F xxxii two small plain red and
fragments of one painted specimen; F xxxvii small plain red; F liii plain red; F Ixx red ware,
broken.

Tomb H 6.

Tomb H J.

Tomb H

Scale, i: 500.

Tomb H 6.

The sides of the shaft, above the rock, were carried up with a broad brick wall

which had been destroyed down to the modern surface level, i. e., below the level of

the cover-stones; beyond this there were no traces of the superstructure proper. The

shaft was 4.10 m. deep, with chambers to east and west; the reveals of the doors were

neatly cut and the chamber walls squared and well trimmed. The tomb had been

re-used in Romano-Nubian times. In the shaft in front of the door of chamber A

were an oval-topped stela inscribed with the name of Ahmose son of Ptahsuah,

which is described on p. 181, and a broken black-topped bowl S Iviii of the best

burnished type, diameter 0.18 m.

In chamber A were found some gold foil; a scarab, 10007, PI- S^; pottery, S xxv fragment

with practically straight rim; S xlix fragments of two; S Hi red-brown clay with light wash, height

0.07 m., 10441, PI. 48. Also a Romano-Nubian pot, F xix dark red ware, thin, the upper part

painted light pink, 10439.

Chamber B contained two cofhn-pits; it was empty.

In chamber C were found fragments of a plaster mask; a green glaze kohlpot, height 0.055 ^'^■<
10285, PI- S3 '< pottery, S xvi broken; S xxi fragments of about ten; S xxii red, finely burnished,
diameter 0.16 m., 10440, and two others unburnished, diameter 0.185 m., and 0.195 "^-^
respectively; S xxxi rough red, height 0.185 '^-i ^ xxxii red clay, creamy slip with string-hanger

n pattern in orange red, height 0.125 m., 10442, PI. 47, and another with rough
white surface, height 0.145 m.; S Ixiii broken. Also a Romano-Nubian pot, F Ixxi,

A poor tomb, the shaft only 1.15 m. deep, the door

Scale,
1:250.

Tomb H 7.

No traces of superstructure,
and single chamber ill cut.

In the chamber were bones from three bodies cJ" 9 -I- ; also an ear from a
wooden sarcophagus; fragments of blue glaze inlay, large rectangular pieces and
flattened threads; two or three blue glaze beads.

Tomb H 8.

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 3.35 m. deep, with chambers to east and west;
the doorways were simple, without reveals, but the walls were well-trimmed and the angles right.
In the shaft was a very irregularly made pot of Romano-Nubian fabric, a gourd-shaped variant
of F i, red clay largelv burned black with yellow and black bands round the rim, height 0.27 m.
As this was the only pot of late type in the tomb it may have been dropped by tomb-robbers
rather than be evidence for re-use of the grave in the Romano-Nubian period.

In chamber A were the remains of two bodies. Chamber B had two coffin-pits sunk in the
floor; it was quite empty.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

141

[7p

Chamber C contained the bones of one body cJ* ; fragments of a wooden sarcophagus, and of Tomb H 8.
a wooden head-rest; a fragment of bronze; pottery, S vii fragments of two or three of rough
red clay; S xvi fragments of three of rough red clay; S xxi fragments
of twenty-one specimens; S xxii fine red ware, unburnished, diameter
O.I 45 m., another of mud-coloured clay painted red inside, unburnished
(broken), fragments of another of mud-coloured clay with a band of red
paint round the rim, a slight variant in which the flat base practically
develops into a base-ring, of red ware finely burnished inside, diameter
0.155 m., and fragments of five others similar; S xxx fragments of
about twenty specimens of which four had a band of white paint round
the rim; S xxxi-xxxii fragments of several, white-faced with dark lines;
S xxxiii rough red clay, haematite washed and well burnished, height
0.09 m., 10443, PI- 47; S li fragment; S Iviii fragments of finely
burnished ware; fragments of many other pots of coarse red clay,
forms uncertain, of a large vessel of reddish-grey ware, black in

section, with the impression of string round the body, and of another large gourd-shaped pot
handmade and hearth-burned, red-washed and black-topped with incised hnes round the rim
(date uncertain).

Scale,

Tomb H 9.

The outer enclosure wall would seem never to have consisted of more than a single course of Tomb H g.
bricks which retained a platform made of stone chippings over which was a brick floor. The
shaft was 2.70 m. deep, and was carried up at the top with brickwork not rising
above the level of the cover-stones; of the superstructure proper therefore
nothing remained. There was only one chamber, opening out of the west side
of the shaft, and that was very poorly cut. The grave had been re-used in
Romano-Nubian times.

In it were found bones from four bodies; fragments of a wooden sarcophagus
showing part of a human figure in relief ; a fragment of a wooden boat-shaped
food-trough; a bone hair-ring; a steatite kohlpot, form C, height 0.03 m.; two
scarabs, one of Menkheperre and one with simple decorative design; a few beads,
white bugles and blue glaze discoids; pottery, S xxii fragments, finely burnished red ware;
S xxiii fragments of several examples of coarse red ware; S xxviii fragment, coarse red ware;
S xxx rough brown clay (broken); S xxxiii rough red clay, height 0.045 "^-^ ^"d many other
fragments of indistinguishable shapes, burnished red ware, buff ware with white paint, and
creamy-grev ware with incised ornament. Also two Romano-Nubian pots. F v red with

black and white bands; F xxi drab clay with incised potter's mark, f^^

Scale

Tomb H 10.

No sign of superstructure. The shaft was only 2.00 m. deep, the doors were simple, without Tomb H 10
reveals, but the walls well cut; in all cases the roofs of the chambers had given way. At the east
end of the chamber C was cut a recess which may have been meant to hold a stela, but may
equally well have been intended for the entrance to another chamber that was never completed.

In chamber A there were four sarcophagi and a fifth body not in a coffin; all these lay piled
against the north wall of the chamber. '1 he coffins had been painted in colours on a black
varnished ground, and the work was apparently of fairly good quality, but all had been attacked
by white ants and crushed by the fall of the roof, and were not worth preserving; unfortunately,
of the fragments that did remain none bore the names of the deceased. Immediately against the

142 BUHEN

Tomb H 10. north wall of the chamber lay a sarcophagus, head west; below it was another, head west, body 9.
Under the mask of the mummy-case there had been placed over the face of the dead a small
painted mud mask. The whole body had been wrapped in cloth smeared with
gesso and painted (this had all perished) ; round the back of the head it was
merely varnished brown. The mask lay in the middle of the face and round it
on the gesso was painted the wig, which consisted of vertical lines of red and blue
above the forehead and came down the side of the face in full rounded curls
resembling those of the conventional Hathor head.

Next to these coffins was another, head west, of which only the carved head
remained (now at Khartum) ; the body c? was crushed almost to powder. Below
it was a body, not enclosed in a coffin, the bones much crushed, and on the face a
small gesso mask, 10405, PI. 61. Almost in the middle of the chamber lay another
sarcophagus, head east; the body d^ had worn a woollen wig and had a painted
Scale. 1:250. mud mask on the forehead.

On the south side of the chamber were found an eye amulet of breccia, 10653,
and a number of large white steatite and green glaze ringbeads, 10243. Scattered over and
between the coffins were a steatite kohlpot shape C, height 0.03 m., and a number of pottery
vessels, S vii plain red, top broken, height c. 0.50 m.; S xx plain reddish gray, height 0.25 m.;
S xxiii drab clay, diameter 0.175 m.; S xxx seven examples of which one, 10448, PI. 47, had a
band of white paint round the rim; S xxxv red ware, string-hanger pattern in black paint,
height 0.155m., and another plain red, height 0.1 1 m. ; S xxxvi burnished red surface, designs in
black, height 0.13 m., 10446, PI. 47, and another similar, height 0.14 m.
Chamber B.

In the middle of the chamber on the top of a good deal of rubbish lay a painted wooden
sarcophagus, head south; the face had been smashed off, and lay a little to the west; it was
the only part of the coffin that had not been consumed by white ants and is now at Khartllm.
In the coffin was a body 9 . Below this, not enclosed in a coffin, lay the body of a child, head
west; it wore round the neck a few blue glaze beads <«=»■ and round the right wrist a string of
small steatite and blue glaze beads. Between this and the north side of the chamber lay two
other bodies c? c? , heads west, both enclosed in painted wooden coffins now wholly decayed;
each had a gesso mask resting on the forehead, 10406, 10407. The former body showed the
original design of these masks. The head was surrounded by fragments of thin linen-backed
plaster painted to represent the wig in parallel lines of blue, green, pink and yellow, that come
down the sides of the face and form elaborate curls like those of the Hathor heads; some fragments
seemed actually to give the painted red cow's ears of the goddess. This wig covered the whole
of the face of the dead person and curved over the sides of the head to about the ears, where the
colours gave place to plain black varnish; only the little mask was made separately and worked
in relief. There was no beard.

In the chamber, besides the fragments of the coffins, there were a broken wooden head-rest;
a bronze bowl, diameter 0.215 m., very much decayed; an alabaster pot, form H, height
0.075 m.; a steatite pot, form. C, height 0.047 m.; scarabs looii, 10014, PL 56; pottery, S vii
plain red, height 0.55 m. (Khartum); S xxii mud-coloured clay, band of red paint round rim,
diameter 0.175 m., and another of finely burnished red ware, diameter 0.27 m., 10444, PI. 47;
S xxx thirteen examples of which two had white paint round the rim; S xxxvii red clay, buff slip,
design in black and red, height 0.135 m., 10447, PI- 47. ^^^ another, red surface with design in
black, heighto. 155 m. (Khartum); also the lower part of a plain pot of a shape resembling S x-xii.
Chamber C contained the remains of three bodies lying in confusion ; the skulls were in the
southeast corner and the bodies seem to have lain with their heads south. Also there were in the
chamber a few pieces of a wooden sarcophagus; a painted wooden ushabti 0.30 m. high

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

143

(Khartum); a plain wooden kohlstick; fragments from a wooden box inlaid with ivory; an Tomb H lo.
alabaster jug (with lid?), height 0.14 m., 10296, PI. 66; a steatite jug (with lid?), heighto.13 m.,
10298, PI. 66; a cylindrical steatite kohlbox, o.io m. long, 10655; two bone hair-rings; a
scarab, 10012, PI. 56; two green glaze finger-rings, 10013, PI. 55; a few blue white and red discoid
beads; and pottery, S xxiii two examples, plain red ware, diameter 0.23 m. and 0.16 m..
respectively; S xlii drab surface, brown varnish, height o.ii m., 10445, PI- 4^; xlix rough
mud-coloured clay, height 0.135 "i-- 10647, PI. 48, and another similar (containing ashes).

Tomb H II.

A small grave with the shaft lying north by south and the chambers opening out of its north TombH 11.
and south ends; the chambers A and B were well cut; A and C had plain doorways without
reveals, B had reveals and a raised threshold: the floor-level of
C was some 0.30 m. above the bottom of the shaft, the roof was
low and the walls rough. On the face of the shaft by the
doorway of chamber A was preserved the mud plastering along
the edge of the door-slab. Two of the stone roofing-slabs were
still in place over the mouth of the shaft.

In chamber A were bones from seven bodies; an alabaster
kohlpot, shape D, height 0.057 m. ; pottery, S vii red ware lightly

burnished, height 0.205 m.; S xvi plain, height 0.165 m.; S xxi rough drab ware, height
0.23 m.; S xxiii broken, rough reddish-brown clay, diameter 0.215 m.; S xxx rough reddish-
brown clay, two, height o.ii m., and another broken; also fragments of other rough pottery
of uncertain shapes.

Chamber B was empty.

In chamber C were an alabaster kohlpot, shape D, height 0.052 m.; a white plaster mask
with details in red, 10408; a scarab, 10015; pottery, S xxii rough red ware, diameter
0.23 m.; S xxx seven examples, rough brown clay; S xxxv red ware lightly burnished surface,
height 0.15 m., another similar, height 0.105 ^-^ ^"d fragments of another with dark lines painted
on a light ground.

Scale, 1:250.

Tomb H 12.

No trace of superstructure. The shaft was 4.00 m. deep, with
chambers to east and west. The roof of chamber A had collapsed; in
chamber B was a cofihn-pit along the east side; in chamber C in the
west wall was cut a small square recess, perhaps for offerings or for the
canopic jars.

In chamber A were found a pair of bronze tweezers, 10329; a
bronze razor, 10330; three bronze cloth-cutting knives, 10331-3, PI. 63,
and part of a fourth; four ear-rings of gilt bronze, 10376-7; a fragment
of ivory from a box; two whetstones; a carnelian hair-ring, 10378; a
haematite kohlstick; five small alabaster kohlpots; a blue faience
bowl, 10291, PI. 53; an obsidian scarab, ion 8; glaze scarabs, including
one of Rameses 2"'\ 10115-6-7, PI. 58, loiig.Pl. 55, 10120-1-2-3-4-5-6-7,
PI. 58; a number of miscellaneous beads of carnelian and green glaze,
mostly spherical, 10270; also pottery, S ii greyish-white surface, three
handles, height 0.20 m.; S viii reddish-grey ware, height 0.56 m., 10452; S xi red ware, height
0.22 m.; S xxii red ware, burnished surface, diameter 0.16 m.; Sxxiii three examples, red clay,
diameter 0.18 m., 0.235 "''•. °-^5 "^-^ respectively; S xxx five examples; S xxxi grey ware, white
faced, height 0.115 m.; S Ivi fragment, grey faced.

Tomb H 12.

Scale. i:^';o.

144 BUHEN

Tomb H 12. Chamber B was empty.

In chamber C were an alabaster kohlpot, much decayed; a cameHan hair-ring, 10352; a
limestone spindle-whorl, 10656 and a bone spindle-rod; a plaster mask painted yellow, 10409,
two plain ushabtis, one of green glaze, one of black and white glaze; some brown and white glaze
beads, 10244; a mud ear-stud; pottery, S ii grey ware, creamy-white face, height 0.57 (Khartum);
S iv creamy-drab ware, height 0.30 m , 10449, PI- 45'' S viii reddish-brown ware, height 0.51 m.,
1045 1, ^^^ fragments of another with flecks of red paint on a buff ground; S xi plain red, height
0.22 m., 10450, PI. 46; S xiv grey ware, creamy-white face, height 0.35 m. (Khartum); S xxi
four examples, dull brown ware; S xxii plain red, diameter 0.195 m.; S xl red clay with string-
hanger design in black, height 0.16 m.; S xlvi dull brown ware; and some indistinguishable
fragments.

Tomb H 13.

Tomb H 13. No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 2.70 m. deep, with a single chamber at

its west side, the door of which was only a rough hole plastered round with mud to give

it a clean-cut edge. Over the top of the shaft two of the cover-slabs remained

Pin place, one at each end. The chamber was very badly cut. In the chamber
were bones from two bodies d^ 9 ; some fragments of worked wood (not from
a coffin); a scarab, 10016, PI. 56; a few white steatite discoid beads; pottery,
S xii red clay, height 0.23m. (Khartum); S xvi plain red clay, height 0.20m.,
10453, and fragments of a second; S xx mud-coloured clay, red wash, height
0.16 m., 10454, and fragments of a second; S xxiii red faced ware, unburnished,
diameter 0.18 m., and fragments of two others similar; fragments of a vessel of buflE ware,
creamy-white face, shape uncertain.

Tomb H 14.

Tomb H 14. Round the top of the shaft was a brick floor from the middle of which, presumably, the

superstructure once rose. The shaft is 3.30 m. deep with chambers at the west end; the doorway
poor and chamber A rather roughly cut. The small chamber B, 2.40 m. by 0.70 m.,
would nc more than just hold a sarcophagus, so that it corresponds to the coffin-pit
in many of the tombs.

In chamber A were bones from a body 9 ; fragment of wooden sarcophagus;
bronze surgical instrument (.'') 10303, PI. 64; serpentine kohlpot and lid, height
0.045 i^^-' shape F; serpentine vase, height 0.095, 10297, PI. 66; scarab with a
sphinx and cartouches of Thothmes 3"' and Hatshepsut; part of small gesso mask;
three balls of burnt clay, perhaps for a game of marbles; pottery, S xvi fragments
of coarse red ware; S xxii plain red, unburnished, diameter 0.155 m., another,
burnished, diameter 0.165 ^n-. ^"^^ fragments of at least six more, mostly burnished;
S XXX red clay, broken; S xxxv red clay, drab slip, whereon string-hanger pattern in
black, height 0.075 ™-> 10455; S Ivi fragment; and fragments of buff ware with creamy-white'
slip facing.

Tomb H 15.

Tomb H 75. There had been a courtyard round the grave with a brick retaining-wall and a floor of stone

chippings; this was too much ruined to be measured. The shaft was 2.50 m. deep, with chambers
to east and west; the chambers were well cut, doorways plain without reveals. The grave had
been plundered and re-used in Roman times and subsequently robbed again.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

145

In the shaft were found a pot S v of whitey-drab clay, height 0.32 m., 10456; S xi of coarse Tomb H 15.
red clay, height 0.23 m. Also of Romano-Nubian ware, F i painted with "demons'" heads
between stars, height 0.27 m. (Khartum); F v plain red, height 0.19 m.; F v red
with black rings, height 0.19 m.; F xxxv red with black rings, height 0.36 m.

In chamber A were found a bronze tube 0.105 m. long, diameter 0.023 m.,
10304; plaster mask (broken) painted red and blue with gold foil adhering over the
ear, and another white, with faint red lines, 10410; pottery, S xxii plain red clay,
unburnished, diameter 0.20 m., another, burnished red surface, diameter 0.20 m.,
another, mud-coloured clay with band of red paint round rim, diameter 0.21 m.,
another, mud-coloured, plain, diameter 0.07 m.; S xxiii plain red, unburnished,
diameter 0.235 m.; S xxx fragment.

Chamber B was empty.

In chamber C were found some fragments of wood, apparently from a small
inlaid box; some gold foil ; a bronze razor; a bronze needle, 10305; an ivory disc lid
on a pivot; a stone burnisher; an alabaster kohlpot, shape E, height 0.06 m., and another,
shape E, height 0.05 m.; scarabs, looi 7-8-9, 10020-1-2, PI. 56; pottery, S xxii plain red
(Kharttoi), and fragment of another; S xxxii light pink with string-hanger pattern in black,
height 0.135 ™-' i°457> another, light surface with black rings, height 0.085 ™-' io4S9l S xxxvi
buff clay, white slip with string-hanger pattern in black, very roughly done, height 0.095 ^-i
10458. Also, of Romano-Nubian date, two gilt glass beads and a pot F xxxii of plain red clay,
height 0.135 ^^-

Scale,

:2S0

Tomb H 1 6.

Round the top of the shaft was brickwork i.oo m wide, but this was destroyed down to the Tomb H 16,
level of the roofing-slabs. The shaft was 2,80 m. deep with chambers to the east and west. The
doors of chambers A and D were plain, but those of B and C had neatly cut
reveals; the walls were well trimmed and the angles true. The floor of
chamber A was 0.30 m. below the level of the bottom of the shaft. The stone
door-slab of chamber B was intact; through the middle of it was the square
hole for the ropes by which it had been lowered into the shaft. Chamber C
contained two shallow coffin-pits separated by a narrow floor-space.

In the shaft were found remains of a wooden ushabti; a fragment of a
wooden disc, carved with a head of Bes; part of a wooden kohlstick; remains
of a bronze stud; a polished flake of camelian; potten% S x, smooth red clay,
height 0.28 m., and fragments of a second; S xvi red clay, haematite wash,
height 0.145 m., 10461, and another similar; S xxi fragments of two; S xxii
finely burnished red, diameter, 0.145 m., broken; S xxiii mud-coloured clay,
band of red paint round rim, diameter 0.165 m., and fragments of another
burnished red inside; S xxviii red clay, height 0.09 m., diameter 0.08 m., broken;
S xxxiii fragment, height 0.08 m.; S li fragment; S Iviii fragment of poorly
burnished black-topped ware.

In chamber A were found part of a wooden ushabti; a pierced wooden disc, diameter
0.085 m.; part of a bronze ring; part of a bone bracelet; four alabaster kohlpots, shape D,
heights 0.048 m., 0.047 n^-- °°i9 i^-. 0.02S m., respectively; alabaster kohlpot, shape C, height
0.035 "^-t alabaster vase, broken, resembling No. 107 11, PI. 66, height 0.085 m., and fragments
of another, shape uncertain; a plaster mask, 10412; a mud mask, 10411; a camelian cylinder
bead with two gold bands; a blue glaze ring with eye bezel, 10023 B, PI. 55; a blue glaze seal,
10023A; pottery, S vii smooth red surface, height 0.245 m., 10462, another similar, height 0.30 m.
and fragments of a third; S xi straight-shouldered variant, ochrous surface with brown paint

^caU\ I:2S0.

146

BUHEN

Tomb H i6. wash, height 0.113 m.; S xxi blackish grey, broken; S xxii fragments of three of plain red clay;
S XXX fragments of one; S xxxi light drab-grey ware, height 0.12 m., 10463; another with
creamy surface and string-hanger design in brown, height 0.16 m., 10465; another, muddy clay
with light red wash, heigh,t 0.08 m., 10466; another, burnished red, top broken, 10467; another,
red surface lightly burnished, height 0.075 ^^-i 10468; another, buff surface with string-hanger
design in brown, height, 0.13 m., 10469; and a fragment of another, ochrous surface, with brown
paint design; S liii smooth red ware, height 0.255 ™-
Chambers B and C were empty.

In chamber D were found a pair of bronze tweezers, 10307; a bone ring, diameter 0.038 m.;
fragments of a steatite finger-ring; a few mixed beads, camelian, steatite and blue glaze; pottery,
S vii rough red clay, height 0.26 m.; S xxii fragments of three, burnished red inside; S xxiii
rough red clay, diameter, o.i 2 m. ; S xxxv light brown with string-hanger pattern in dark brown,
height 0.115 m. ; S Iviii fragment of burnished black-topped cup, height 0.095 ™-- '' ^'^'^ fragments
of rough pots of uncertain shape.

Tomb H 17.

TombH i-j. Round the top of the shaft were the foundations of the superstructure, of brick and rubble

masonry, giving an area of 4.90 m. by 3.00 m. The shaft was 4.50 m. deep. Two metres from
the surface we came upon a burial of the Romano-Nubian period. A brick wall
had been built across the shaft, 0.45 m. from its west end, and to the east of this
the shaft had been narrowed by brick walls, five stretcher courses high, lining the
sides of the shaft. The rectangular tomb thus formed measured internally 1.80 m.
by 0.55 m. and was roofed with rough stone slabs. It was undisturbed and inside
lay a body c?, head west, extended with the hands folded over the pelvis. There
were no objects with it.

There were chambers to the east and west of the shaft They were well cut, the
doors plain, without reveals; in chamber B was a coflfin-pit 1.60 m. deep, partly
burrowed into the rock beyond the face of the chamber wall.

In chamber A were a few bones from a body, sex uncertain; a bronze surgical
instrument, 10308, PI. 64, and fragments of asecond; three alabaster kohlpots, much decayed; a
steatite kohlpot, broken; a plaster mask, 10413; pottery, S vii plain red clay, height 0.59 m.
(broken); S xxii mud-coloured clay, burnished red inside, diameter 0.145 m., 10470, and fragments
of two others similar. Also, probably of Romano-Nubian date, some dark blue glass beads;
F iv fragments, rough ware red faced; F v grey black with punctured concentric circles,
10472 (PI. 69) ; F Ixxii, with ring-base and four handles, pink clay, red surface, 10471.
The other chambers were empty.

■ H

Tomb H 18.

TombH iS. ip^ No trace of superstructure. The shaft was 5.00 m. deep with a single chamber

at each end. The door of chamber A had unusually elaborate jambs with a reveal and
inner slot: the chamber walls were well cut, most of the floor-space was taken up with
a coffin-pit 0.70 m. deep. The door of chamber B was simple, the chamber widened as
it went in. In the shaft was found a fragment of incised black handmade potten--, of
I Romano-Nubian date,

■ In the grave were scattered bones from four bodies d' 9 00. In chamber A were

Sl found a double-cylinder kohlpot of green glaze, 10286, PI. 53; a green-glaze bowl, 10287,

mm PI. 53; scarab with kneeling figure wearing uraeus diadem, the arms conventionalized

into snakes; another scarab, 10025, PI. 56; two beads, of camelian and blue glaze;

pottery, S ii pinkish clay with drab wash, height 0.64 m., 10473, P^- 45 ; S iii verysmall

example in rough red ware, height 0.15 m.; S xvi red clay, height 0.20 m., 10475. ^'^d another

Scale ,

Scale

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 147

similar; S xxviii black handmade with indented edge, diameter 0.105 n^-^ S Ivi drab clay, Tomb H 18.
height 0.14 m., 10474, and another, broken, of red clay.

In chamber B were found an alabaster pot, shape L, height 0.07 m., diameter o.ii m.;
alabaster kohlpot, shape C; scarab, 10024, PL 56; two terra-cotta ushabtis, colour perished.

Tomb H 19. ' -^

No trace of superstructure. Shaft 3.70 m. deep; chamber walls and doorways ^T^ Tomb H ig.

very roughly cut.

In the grave were found a pair of bronze tweezers, 10309; a small whetstone;
a lump of pumice; two camelian ear-rings, 10355-6; half of a blue glaze bowl;
two blue glaze beads; part of a whitened mud jar-sealing, inscribed but illegible;
ten rough unpainted clay ushabtis; pottery, S iii red clay, height 0.42 m. ; S viii
red clay, height, 0.41m.; S xv rough red clay, height 0.33 m., 10477; S xvi red
clay, height 0.17 m.; S xxiii fragments of several, of mud-coloured clay with red
wash inside; Ixiv rough red clay; and a model of a squat jug in solid unbaked
mud height O.II m., diameter 0.20 m.

Tomb H 20.

Shaft 2.80 m. deep with a single roughly cut chamber at its west end, c. 3.20 m. by i.oo m. Tomb H 20.
Nothing in the grave but a few bones of indeterminate sex.

Tomb H 21.

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 5.10 m. deep and haa an elaborate series of Tomb H 21.
chambers opening out of its east and west ends. In the shaft lay the stone door-slab of chamber E,
its edges bevelled to fit the bevelled jambs of that doorway. In chamber A
was the door-slab of B; it had two small holes through it, side by side,
perhaps for convenient handling with ropes. The whole floor of B had
been cut down and the central division was formed by a slab set in
place subsequently. Chambers D, Fand G were merely recesses to receive
sarcophagi.

In the shaft were found two ear-rings of gilt bronze, 10360-1; a
small alabaster kohlpot, much decayed; a camelian ear-ring, 10359; one
amethyst bead; scarabs, 10026, 10027, 10029, i°o3i. PI- 56; four Hathor-
head amulets of blue glaze, 10207-10, PI. 55 ; pottery, S xvi fragments of
two; S xxii red clay, inside lightly burnished, diameter 0.185 m., 10481.
PI. 47; S XXX one example ; S xxxii light yellow slip with string-hanger
pattern in chocolate, height 0.085 m., 10479; S xxxvi plain red, handle
missing, height 0.12 m., and fragments of another similar (?) with dark
string-hanger pattern on light ground; S 1 mud-coloured ware, height Scale, 1:250.

0.17 m., 10480, PI. 48; S liii fragment, highly burnished; S Iv (broken)

very rough imitation, head undeveloped, and no chickens, red clay, length 0.26 m.; a fragment
of black incised ware, probably late.

In chamber A on the top of the rubbish was an undisturbed burial of Romano-Nubian date.
The body had been enclosed in a wooden coffin, the sides of which had collapsed; it lay head west
extended on the back with the hands folded over the pelvis. Round the neck was a string of gilt
glass beads and another of camelian steatite and quartz pendants separated by two very small
green glass spacers. Behind the head, outside the coffin, was a bronze bowl with decorative lid
containing some thread; this bowl and the beads are now at Khartum. Close by was an oenochoe
F xxxii of plain light red ware, height 0.22 m., 10478.

148

BUHEN

Tomb H 21,

In chamber A, underneath the late burial, were found a gold bell-pendant, 10707; an ear-ring
of gilt bronze; three fragments of an inscribed sandstone stela, two alabaster kohlpots of shape
D and two lids, one of alabaster and one of steatite; a plaster mask painted yellow, 10414,
PI. 61; two plain white plaster masks; a mud mask; scarab, 10030, PI. 56; a bugle bead of
green glaze; pottery S liii fragments, burnished red; S Ivii fragments, greyish white.

In chamber E were found seven fragments of an inscribed stela, an alabaster kohlpot of
shape D; an alabaster disc lid; fragment of an alabaster vase; two small fragments of a
bronze rod; scarab, 10028, PL 56; blue glaze Bes amulet, 10205, PI- SSi t^o blue glaze beads;
part of a cowrie shell; pottery, S xxii fragment, lightly burnished; S xxiii plain red,
unbumished; S xxxiii lightly burnished red, height 0.06 m., 10482.

Chambers B, C, D, F and G were empty.

Tomb H 22.

Tomb H 22. Round the top of the shaft were three to four courses of brickwork making a pavement, or

the foundations of a superstructure, 4.30 m. by 3.40 m. The shaft was 3.10 m. deep with

chambers to the east and west; the doors were plain and the chambers roughly cut.

Chamber B contained two coffin-pits sunk 0.60 m. below the nairow space of

floor-level left between them.

In chamber A were the remains of one body, sex indeterminate; remains of a
painted wooden sarcophagus; two alabaster kohlpots of shape D, 0.097 ni- ^'^^
0.039 m. high respectively; fragments of a terra-cotta box painted red and white in
panels, perhaps a rough model of a house; pottery, S xxii red, inside burnished,
diameter 0.17 m., broken; S xxxi fragment, red clay, gray-white surface, string-
hanger pattern in black; S xxxv red ware lightly burnished, height o.iom.; and
fragments of a pot of coarse red clay, burned black on the outside, with turning-ridges round
the neck, shape doubtful.

Scale. 1:500.

Scale.

Tomb H 23.

TombH 23. There was no trace of any superstructure. The shaft was unusual in that it lay north by

south, and the two chambers which opened out from it were not at the same level, so that the
bottom of the shaft was cut into a flight of four steps (0.65 m.) leading from
chamber A down to B. The floor of B was again 0.40 m. below the lowest step
in the shaft, and the chamber was taken up by two coffin-pits sunk 0.55 m. below
the narrow space of floor between them.

In the shaft were found five or six large spheroid glass beads (Romano-
Nubian date).

The roof of chamber A had given way and almost all the contents of the chamber were
smashed. These included bones from the bodies of thirteen people; boards from a coffin and a
few small fragments of painted cartonnage; a bronze needle 0.128 m. long, 103 15 ; fragments of an
oval-topped inscribed stela 0.72 m. by 0.53 m., four alabaster kohlpots of shape D, heights
0.034 m. (with lid), 0.039 m., 0.05 m., 0.06 m. respectively; scarab, 10033, PI. 56; fragments
of basket-work; pottery, S xi roughish red ware, height 0.31 m.; S xv rough red ware, broken;
xxi fragments; xxii three examples of coarse red ware, diameters 0.20m., o.i8m., 0.095m.,
and fragments of others; S xxiii, two of roughish red ware, diameters 0.205 m., 0.20m., and
fragments of others; S xxx rough red ware; S xxxii rough red ware, height 0.13 m.; another,
finely burnished red, height 0.155 m., 10485; another finely burnished red, surface decayed,
height 0.06 m., 10484; another rough red, broken; S xxxvi rough red, handle broken; S Ixv

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

149

coarse red ware, height 0.145 n^-; ^Iso a Romano-Nubian pot F v burnished black ware with Tomb H 23.
incised tassel ornament, height 0.14 m., 10490.

Chamber B had its doorway roughly walled up with stones, amongst which was the upper
part of an inscribed stela.

Under the stela was lying in the doorway a pot S xxvi of plain red clay. Inside on the top
of the rubbish that filled the cofifin-pits and rose well above floor level was an undisturbed burial
of Romano-Nubian date. The body was enclosed in a rough coffin of palm bark bound round by
cords which came straight down the front of the body with bands knotted across at right angles.
The body lay extended on the back with the hands folded over the pelvis, head north.

Under the rubbish in coffin-pit i were found a string of sixty gold and seventy amethyst
beads, strung alternately (Khartum) ; a green glaze bugle bead; a scarab, 10034, PI. 56 ; part of a
cowrie shell; pottery, S xviiired clay, height 0.23 m., 10483, and another of rougher clay, height
0.13 m. ; S xxi two examples; S xxiii coarse red ware, diameter 0.23 m.

In coffin-pit 2 were found a green glaze cartouche amulet of Rameses 4**", 10032; three blue
glaze beads, one aa=aa and two spheroid; an alabaster kohlpot of shape D, much decaved;
pottery S xxiii rough brownish clay, diameter o.ig m. ; lower part of S Ivii, flakey clay, grey-black
surface, brown in section, with knob base, and zigzag pattern in punctured lines.

Tomb H 24.

Round the top of the shaft was a rectangle of brickwork measuring 4.40 m. by 2.20 m.. TombH 24.
and two or three courses high. The shaft was 3.00 m. deep, lying north by south with one
chamber at the north end : this was irregular and poorly cut.

In the grave were bones from one body; three fragments of wood
from a small casket; three fragments from the upper part of an inscribed
sandstone stela referring to offerings for a person whose name has
perished (see p. 182) ; an oblong steatite mould for casting a tassel-
pendant of glaze, 10660; some mixed beads of steatite, carnelian, and Scale, 1:250.
blue glass, mostly spherical, 10245; potter\', S xii light red surface with

vertical burnishing, height 0.19 m., 10486, PL 46; S xxii mud-coloured clay with band of
red paint round rim, diameter 0.19 m.

Tomb H 25.

Round the top of the shaft were traces of brickwork, too much ruined to be measured
shaft was 2.90 m. deep with chambers to east and west; the doors were roughly
cut and the chambers ill trimmed.

In the shaft was an alabaster kohlpot, shape E, much decayed; also a
quantity of shells, oysters and others.

In chamber A were the remains of two bodies; a number of wooden
fragments from a piece of furniture, the principal pieces consisted in the
nude figures of girls carrj'ing baskets on their heads, whereon were traces of
blue inlay, 10349, PI. 64; fragments of two wooden head-rests; a wooden comb;
a bronze mirror, the handle in the form of a naked girl, 10311, PI. 62; fragments
of bronze; a limestone spindle-whorl, 10662; an alabaster vase, shape B,
height 0.105 m., much decayed; an alabaster vase, shape H, height 0.075 ^■'
much decayed; an alabaster jug, shape of 10296, PI. 66, broken and decayed;
four alabaster kohlpots, decayed; scarabs, 10036-7-8-9, 10042, PI. 56, including
cartouches of Hatshepsut and of a Rameses; a set of small spherical carnelian
and steatite ring beads with amulets, 10246; part of a carnelian draughtsman(?), 10661 ; pottery,
fragments of a painted box, very coarse ware; S xxiii rough red ware, diameter 0.215 m., and

The Tomb H 25.

Scale,

150

BUHEN

Tomb H 25. fragments of one or two others; S xxxii light ground with string-hanger pattern in dark paint,
height 0.125 m. ; S Ix roughly made of burned mud.

Chamber B was empty.

In chamber C was a fiat alabaster bowl, shape N, length o.i i m.

In chamber D were remains of three bodies; the remains of a bronze cylinder with wood
lining; a serpentine kohlpot, shape E, height 0.068 m.; two camelian ear-rings, 10362-3;
fragments of two white plaster masks; a saucer of blue glaze, plain, diameter 0.095 ™-' 10288 ; heart
scarab, 10035 ; glazed scarabs, 10040, 10041, 10043, PI- S^; pottery, S viii plain red clay, height,
0.23 m., 10491; S xxi coarse red clay, height 0.195 m., 10489, PI. 47; S xxii lightly burnished
red, diameter 0.16 m., and another 0.145 ^-^ s^nd of rough red ware, three examples, diameter
0.23 m., 0.22 m., 0.20 m., respectively; S xxxi light red ware with string-hanger pattern in black,
height 0.135 m., 10488, another, plain brown, height 0.12 m., and another plain white, height
0.145 m.; S xxxii, white ground with string-hanger pattern in brown, height 0.16 m.; S liii
brilliantly burnished red, height 0.22 m., 10487, PI. 48.

Scale.

Tomb H 26.

Tomb H 26. The cover-slabs over the west end of the shaft were in situ. Round the top of the shaft was

a rectangle of brickwork 0.70 m. wide, having a total area of 3.30 m. by 2.00 m. Beneath the
brickwork was an artificial stone foundation, implying considerable weight in the
structure above — the bricks stood four courses high and rose 0.30 m. above the level
of the cover-slabs — outside these remains of the superstructure there was a mound
of stone chippmgs not enclosed by any wall. The shaft was 2.90 m. deep with
chambers to east and west. The chambers were somewhat roughly cut, with simple
door-jambs: there were two main chambers, each of which had coffin-recesses opening
out of it: the contents of these recesses were not to be distinguished from those of
the main chambers on which they gave

In chamber A were found a wooden disc lid for a vase; a small alabaster kohlpot,
shape D; scarab, 10044, PI. 56; a blue glaze pendant of Taurt, 10708; a few scattered beads,
now restrung together, 10247; pottery, S vii plain red clay, height 0.22 m., and two others,
broken; S xii plain red clav, height 0.21 m., and another similar, height 0.20 m., broken; S xx
rough grey-red. height 0.23 m.; S xxii rough red clay, unbumished, diameter 0.21 m.. another
similar, diameter 0.07 m., and other fragments; S xlvii light red ware, height 0.15 m., 10494,
PI. 48; S Ivi, broken; S Ivii grey-white ground with black rings, fragment.

In chamber B were found a flat steatite bracelet, diameter 0.083 m., 10663; camelian
beads, spheroids with "poppy-seed" pendants, 10249; scarab, 10045, PI- 57 ^ ^ string of
yellow glaze beads, 10248; pottery, S xi rough red cla}', height 0.25 m.; S xvi red clay, height
0.51 m,; S xxii rough ware, diameter 0.075 '^■' ^ xxiii orange clay, band of red paint round
rim, diameter 0.23 m.; S Ivi fragment, buff clay with concentric circles of dark paint; S Iviii
(broken) black-topped bowl, burnished, diameter 0.12 m.; various fragments of rough red clay
from vessels of uncertain shape.

Shaft 3.60 m. deep with one chamber at the west

Tomb H 27.

Tomb H 27. gm^^ No traces of superstructure,

end: single reveal to door.

In the grave a few bones of a child; bronze ring with bezel engraved with the name
Ilr-Re-mery-an, 10046, PI. 65; an inscribed sandstone stela, very badh' cut, 0.65 m.
by 0.35 m., broken into two pieces; an alabaster pot, shape Q, height 0.05 m., and an
alabaster lid; a stone disc, or chequer; a blue glaze bowl with design of fish, 10289,
PI. 53; scarabs, 10047, 10048; some small discoid beads of glaze, in various colours;
pottery, S ii light grey ware, whitish slip, rim broken, height 0.58 m., and fragments

Scale,
i: 250.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

151

of another similar; S xi fragments of good red ware; S xiv rough red ware, height 0.20 m.; TomblHjy.
S xvi fragments; S xxi fragments; S xxii fragments, mud-coloured clay with band of red paint
round rim; S xxiii rough, diameter 0.34 m., and fragments of others in red clay and in mud-
coloured clay with a band of red paint round the rim.

Tomb H 28.

No trace of superstructure. The shaft was 4.00 m. deep with a chamber at either end. Tomb H 28.
The door of chamber A had a slight reveal on the outside and was splayed on the inside: the
chamber was 1.75 m. high and was particularly well cut. Chamber B was
approached by two steps, of 0.60 m. and 0.12 m. respectively: its door was plain
without reveals and it was irregularly cut.

In the shaft were found fragments of a pot S vii; S xxii rough brown clay,
diameter 0.24 m. ; and fragments of uncertain shape.

In chamber A were found a scarab, 10049, P'- 57; ^ blue glaze pendant,
10213, PI. 55 ; some discoid steatite beads and a few lentoid beads of blue glaze;
pottery, S iii mud-coloured clay with red wash, height 0.265 m., 10496; S xiv
coarse red clay, height 0.175 ^-^ ^ xxi four examples; and fragments of some
large pots of red clay, of uncertain shape.

In chamber B were found a gilt bronze ear-ring, 10365; a carnelian ear-ring, 10364; an
alabaster kohlpot, shape D, height 0.046 m.; a small carnelian scarab, unengraved; a cockle
and another shell ; pottery, S xxi broken ; S xxii brown clay burnt to black, very shallow, diameter
0.22 m., and another of almost black clay with red paint round the rim, broken; S xxiii brownish-
red ware with red paint round the rim; S xxxi white surface, string-hanger design in black,
broken.

c:3

Scale,

Tomb H 29.

No trace of superstructure. Shaft 1.85 m. deep, the chamber very roughly cut,
the roof fallen in.

In the grave, crushed bones from six bodies.

Scale. t:2S0.

Tomb H 2Q.

Tomb H 30.

Over the west end of the shaft the cover-slabs remained in situ: round these
of mud brick still standing as much as five courses high : the area of this building
had been 3.80 m. by 2.70 m., and the walls were 0.50 m. thick. Beyond this
superstructure was a mound of stone chips with no trace of any retaining wall
(see PI. 44). The shaft was 3.30 m. deep with chambers to the east and west.
Chamber A was roughly cut, the comers not being properly squared; in the
sides of the shaft by the entrance were cut grooves for the door-slab.
Chambers B and C were also roughly cut: C was mostly taken up with two
coffin-pits which were curiously narrow, measuring in each case only 0.40 m.
across.

In chamber A were scattered bones from five bodies; fragments of a
wooden sarcophagus including head and feet fairly well preserved (Khartum) ;
fragments of a wooden head-rest; a pair of bronze tweezers; pottery, S ii {^)
fragments of rough red ware; S xxii fragments of rough ware; S xxx fragments
of several; and fragments of a large pot, shape uncertain, of greenish-drab
clay with grey face.

was a building Tomb'H

JO-

Scalt', i:2S0,

152 BUHEN

TombH JO. In chamber B were found fragments of wood from a sarcophagus; two rings of bronze wire;

an ivory duck's head, 10664; scarabs, 10050, 1005 1, PI. 57; a pottery kohlpot Hd, circular, with
a star pattern painted in black; S xxxix (?) top of large specimen in grey ware and fragments
of a second; S Ivi drab ware with white slip and concentric circles in dark paint, and fragments
of another similar; fragments of a large vessel of greenish-drab clay with grey face.

Tomb H 31.

TombH 31. No traces of superstructure. In the west face of the shaft, 1.60 m. from the top, was cut

a rectangular recess 0.80 m. by 0.57 m., and 0.13 m. deep, obviously intended for a stela. At the
bottom of the shaft was found the lower half of an inscribed stela 0.50 m. across
and 0.13 m. thick, fitting therefore into the recess. It bears the name of the judge
vSebekemsaf, and is described on p. 182. The two chambers were poorly cut;
the floor of B was stepped down 0.20 m. below the level of the bottom of the shaft.
In chamber A were a double vase of alabaster, shape O, broken and decayed;
a blue glaze bowl with lotus design in black (Khartum); scarab, 10052, PI. 57; a
Scale. 1:500. burnishing-pebble; a fragment of a clay doll (?) and a great mass of broken pottery
amongst which the following types could be recognized: S xiv two examples, red
clay, one with band of white paint; S xv two examples, rough reddish clay; S xvi two in rough
red clay; S xxii six in rough red clay, one in fine red clay unbumished, and one in well-burnished
red; S xxiii six in rough red clay; S xxxii six in white-faced clay; S xxxiii two small, in red
clay; S Ivii fragment, Tell-el-Yahudieh type, flakey black clay, surface with alternate vertical
fields of plain burnishing and punctured W design.

In chamber B was found pottery, S xiv red ware, height 0.225 m., and another
similar, broken; S xxii fragments of three in red clay; S xxiii fragments of two; S xxv
red clay with finely finished haematite surface and band of black paint round rim, height
0.07 m.; S lix (?) fragment of large, rather gourd-shaped pot of burnished black-topped ware.

Tomb H 32.

TombH 32. No trace of superstructure. The shaft lay north by south and was 4.00 m. deep: on the

north, east and west walls, near the bottom, were rudely scratched graffiti representing men,
boats, gazelles, elephants and hippopotami. At the south end of the shaft
was a doorway leading to a second chamber the cutting of which had been
discontinued almost as soon as it was begun.
^ , In the grave were found bones from two bodies; pieces of gold foil;

Scale, i:2So. *= r o

fragments of a bronze mounting for a staff (?); pottery, S xxii burnished
red inside, diameter 0.275 ^-^ ^-'so four examples in mud-coloured clay with a band of white
paint round the edge, diameters, 0.165 m., 0.16 m., 0.15 m., and 0.12 m., respectively ; S xxxvi
haematite faced, unbumished, height, 0.12 m.; S Ixvi dull light red ware, smooth-faced,
fragment; fragment of red ware with gray slip, shape uncertain.

Tomb H 33.

TomhH 33. The shaft lay north by south and was 4.30 m. deep; over its north end the cover-slabs

remained in situ, but there was no trace of any brick superstructure. All the doors and
chambers were poorly cut: in B were two shallow coffin-pits.

In chamber A were found remains of a wooden sarcophagus; a small wooden handle; a
fragment of an inscribed ivory wand.

A steatite kohlpot, shape D, height 0.07 m.; an alabaster kohlpot of the same form,
height 0.05 m., much decayed; an alabaster vase, shape M, diameter, 0.09 m., decayed;

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

153

Scale, i: 250.

eight bumishing-pebbles; scarabs, 10053, 10054, 1005S; a broken blue glaze Horus pendant; Tomb H jj.

some mixed beads, mostly green glaze discoids; potten-, S \ni rough red ware, ill baked, height

0.46 m.; S xi smooth surface, red clay, height 0.25 m.,

and another similar, height 0.24 m.; S xiii plain dull

red, height 0.135 m., 10497, PI. 46; S xvi mud-coloured

clay with red band round rim, height 0.205 ^-^ ^ xxii

mud-coloured clay with band of red paint round rim,

four examples, diameters 0.255 m., 0.21 m., 0.185 m.,

0.185 m., and fragments of two others similar; S xxiii

fragments of two, red ware, inner face burnished ; S xxix

rough red clay, height 0.035 m.; S xxx five broken;

S XXXV burnished red surface, string-hanger pattern in black, height 0.12 m., 10500; S xxxvi

pinkish-buff slip with string-hanger pattern in black, height 0.17 m.; S Ivii mud-coloured flakey

clay burned reddish-black and lightly burnished, height 0.14m., 10499, PH- 48. 49; neck of

another similar, 10498 A; and fragments of a larger example, 10498 B, PL 49.

In chamber B were found a steatite palette, rectangular, 0.235 ^'^- by 0.13 m.; an alabaster
kohlbox lid.

In chamber C were found a fragment of bronze; a carnelian ear-ring; scarabs, 10055-6-7,
PI. 57; potter}', S XV rough brownish-grey clay, height 0.40 m., and fragments of a second;
Sxx fragments; S xxi rough red ware, height 0.215 m.; S xxii fragments; S xxiii plain red clay,
diameter 0.22 m.. and fragments of four similar, and of one of mud-coloured clay with red paint
round rim; S xxx rather finer clay than usual, height 0.185 m.; S li fragment, variant with
three rings in relief round the slenderest part.

Tomb H 34.

No trace of superstructure. Shaft lay north by south, and was i .90 m.
deep with two very roughly cut chambers at the north end.

In the tomb were bones from three bodies; some fragments of wood
from a sarcophagus; remains of some horn bracelets; a mixed lot of small
beads, chiefly spheroid glass and glaze discoids (Kharttim) ; pottery, S ii fragments, grey ware;
S viii fragments of two, red clay ; S xxiii fragments of four, rough red clay ; and a very rude
handmade hearth-burned cup with lid of red clay flared to black, height 0.08 m., diameter 0.085 m.

Tomb H J4.

Scale, 1 : 250.

Tomb H 35.

This was a gallery tomb hollowed out in the low rock-face where the upper
plateau breaks off into the sandy stretch that runs down to the river. A stepped
dromos, open to the air, was cut in the shelving rock below the plateau's edge to
a depth of 2.20 m. At this point was the doorway, beyond which the steps
continued inside the tomb-chamber, down for another i.io m. to the floor level.
The tomb-chamber measured 4.40 m. by 3.90 m. and its roof was supported by
four rude square pillars of living rock. In the middle of the far wall was a passage
which led into the second chamber (B) lying 0.70 m. below the first and reached
by a flight of five steps. This chamber was very irregularly cut. Beyond it, at
the same level, was a narrow chamber (C).

In chamber A were found a few bones; pottery, S xv fragment, rough red ware;
S XX fragments of five, rough red clay ; S xxii fragments of one of rough brown
clay, and of another of reddish clay with band of red paint round rim; S xlix
fragment, drab-brown ware; and numerous fragments of red and cream-slip pottery
of uncertain shapes.

Tomb H J5.

Scale, X : $00.

154

BUHEN

Tomb H 36.

TombH 36. No trace of superstructure. Shaft 3.10 m. deep with two chambers at west end; doorways

plain without reveals and chamber walls poorly cut. In chamber B were two cofRn-pits.

In chamber A were found a bronze razor with handle, 10313, PI. 64;
fragments of a bronze dish (?); alabaster kohlpot of shape D much decayed;
two carnelian and two blue glaze beads, 10216; carnelian snake pendant,
10215, PI. 55; two gesso masks, 10415; blue glaze pendants, cartouche and
Bes, 10059, 10214; scarabs, 10060-1-2, PI. 57; pottery, S iii red clay with grey
slip, broken; S vii red ware, broken; S xxi rough red clay, S xxii mud-coloured
clay with band of red paint round rim, diameter 0.29 m., broken, and another
greyish-white faced with red and black paint on rim, diameter 0.072 m.; S xxiii
rough brown ware, haematite wash inside, diameter 0.095 ^^-l another of mud-
coloured clay with band of red paint round rim, diameter 0.29 m.; two others
of plain rough brownish clay, diameter 0.215 m., and fragments of a third
similar; S xxx thirty examples in rough red clay, of which one has a band of white paint round
the rim inside and out.

Scale, i: 250.

In chamber B was found a pot S xxx.

Tomb H .^7.

Scale,
1:250.

Tomb H 37.

No trace of superstructure. The shaft was 2.50 m deep, lying north by south, with
a single small chamber at the north end.

In the grave were found a fragment of painted Romano-Nubian pottery with
black leaf design on a red ground; a (broken) green glaze crocodile amulet.

Tomb H 38.

Tomb H jS. No trace of superstructure. Chamber B was at a level 1.30 m. lower than that of A, and

was reached by a pit cut in the floor of the latter, having a set-back ledge to take a roofing slab.
The door of chamber A had reveals on the outer and projecting jambs on the
inner face.

In the grave were found a few bones from one body ; fragznents of a wooden
sarcophagus; remains of two alabaster kohlpots; a carnelian bead and a blue
glaze flower pendant; pottery, S xxii rough brown clay-, diameter 0.09 m., also
fragments of two of plain red clay, of two of red clay- with haematite wash
inside, unbumished, of three burnished red on the inside, and of one of mud-
coloured clay with a band of red paint round the rim; S xxxv brighth' burnished red ware,
height 0.06 m.; S Iii mud-coloured clay, height 0.06 m.; and some fragments of smooth
creamy-yellow ware of uncertain shape.

Scale, l: 250.

Tomb H 39.

Tomb H jQ.

Scale, i: 250,

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 2.50 m. deep with chambers at the
west end: chamber A had along its south side a raised bench 0.12 m. high and
0.40 m. wide, apparently for the coflfin.

In chamber A were found two carnelian ear-rings, 10366-7; two blue glaze
pendants, 10217-8, H. 55; a few small carnelian and blue glaze spheroid beads;
pottery, S xxiii brownish-red clay, with band of red paint round inside rim, diameter
0.22 m., and fragment of another washed red inside and lightly burnished; S xxviii
fragments of handmade ware, black inside and brownish-drab outside; S xlvi with
bands of dark paint (faded) on light clay, 10476, PI. 48.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

155

Tomb H 40.

A simple trench grave, shallow and very roughly cut, 3.60 m. by 1.70 m., down the middle of TombH 40.
which ran a rough wall of mud brick two or three courses high.

In the grave were one or two indistinguishable bones; S xxii a fragment of a large example,
diameter c. 0.29 m., of mud-coloured clay with a band of white paint round the rim and a cross
roughly scrawled across it also in white paint; S Ivii creamy-drab surface with bands of matt
chocolate, 10501, PL 49.

Tomb H 41.

A shallow brick-lined trench tomb on the edge of the rocky plateau; lying north by south; TombH 41.
2.10 m. by 0.45 m., and 0.40 m. below the present surface. Empty.

Tomb H 42.

Shaft tomb, unfinished, the chamber being only 1.50 m. long by 0.70 m. wide: but used, Tomb H 42.
and containing two or three bones, sex uncertain.

Tomb H 43.

A shallow brick-lined trench tomb at the edge of the rocky plateau; 1.50 m. by 0.60 m., TombH 4j.
and 0.40 m. below the present surface. Empty.

Tomb H 44.

A continuation of the last, having one wall in common with it: partly rock-cut; i.go m. TombH 44.
by 0.60 m.; in it, part of a skull.

Tomb H 45.

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 4.60 m. deep with chambers to east and west. Tomb H 45.
The doorway of E had been stopped with brickwork 1.70 m. high, which was stepped down so
as to come within 0.60 m. of the door of chamber A, to which probably it
was intended to give easier access. The doorway of E had neatly-cut
reveals, so that there may have been originally a stone door-slab behind the
brickwork. Chamber D was occupied by two coffin-pits.

In chamber A (taken together with B, C, and D) were found some
fragments of bronze ; numerous fragments of an inscribed sandstone stela ;
a very rude sandstone offering table, uninscribed; a carnelian ear-ring,
10368; remains of a steatite kohlpot and lid; remains of two alabaster
kohlpots, shapes C and D, and of an alabaster vase, shape A; a few
carnelian and blue glaze beads; scarabs, 10065-6, PI. 57; a blue glaze
lotus-petal pendant bead; potter\\ S iii rough reddish-grey clay, top
broken, and fragment of another similar; S xv plain red clay, height
0.24 m., and fragment of another, red with black bands; S xvi plain red
clay, height 0.163 m., 10502; S xx fragments of twenty-six, rough red;
S xxi fragments of about eighteen; S xxii flat-bottomed, fragments of
seventeen of plain red clay burnt dark, of one with red paint band
round rim, of one washed red inside, and of one burnished red inside; with base-ring
more or less developed, fragments of nine burnished red inside, and of one washed red
inside; S xxiii fragments of two of mud-coloured clay, with band of red paint round rim,
of two washed red inside, of one lightly burnished red inside, and of two of plain red clay;

Scufc,

156 BUHEN

Tomb H 45. S xxviii brown-grey clay, diameter 0.105 m.; S xxx fragments of three; S xxxii light
buff slip, string-hanger pattern in purple, height, 0.13 m., 10504, another similar but with
horizontal bands, height, 0.13 m., fragments of two similarly decorated, and of one of plain red
ware; S xxxvi red ground with string-hanger pattern in black, height 0.125 '^•i S Hi coarse red
ware, height 0.125 ™--> ^.nd fragments of another similar; S liii fragment, highly burnished;
S Hv light wash, panel design in red and black, height 0.12 m., 10503, PI. 48; S Ivi fragment,
fine smooth salmon face; S Iviii, black-topped bowl not well burnished, 10505, PI. 50; also two
rough clay funnels, one broken.

In chamber E were found fragments of pottery, including S xx, remains of three; S xxi
remains of three; S xxii remains of two of coarse red clay, and of one of mud-coloured clay with a
band of red paint round the rim, and one of red clay, intact, diameter 0.085 m.; S xxx remains
of four; S Ivii of the more elongated type, cf. PI. 49.

Tomb H 46.

Tomb 46. p^ brick-built grave with two chambers side by side, 2.00 m. long, by 0.70 m. and 0.80 m.,

respectively, the walls five courses (0.50 m.) high, destroyed to below the level of the roofing.
The graves lay north by south. In the grave a curved rubber made of a whitey-drab potsherd.

Tomb H 47.

TomhH4j. A pit in the Sand : inside, body o", head north, extended on back, hands folded over pelvis.

Tomb H 48.

Tomb H 48. A pit in the sand : inside, body -I- , head west, extended on left side.

Tomb H 49.

Tomb H 4Q. A pit in the sand: inside, body 4-, head west, extended on right side.

Tomb H 50.

Tomb H 50. A rough pot inverted over body of infant.

Tomb H 51.

Tomb H 51. A pit in the sand: inside, body cj*, head north, extended on back, hands folded over pelvis.

Tomb H 52.

Tomb H §2. A pit in the sand: inside, body 9 , head west, extended on left side, arms flexed, hands over

face.

Tomb H 53.

Tomb H 53. A pit in the sand: inside, infant's body, head west, extended on left side; some beads of

steatite, carnelian, and blue and red glass; S xvi small, rough brown ware, base only ; S lii red clay.

Tomb H 54.

Tomb H 54. Infant's body buried in a pot S.xiii, spherical variant with incised potter's mark

near rim.

Tomb H 55-

Tomb H yy. Infant's bodv buried in a pot, S x of rough red ware, rim broken with potter's mark

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 157

Tomb H s6.

Infant's body buried in pot of rough mud-coloured clay; all smashed up. TombH 36.

Tomb H 57.

Shallow pit in sand showing traces of brickwork above. In it some bones of uncertain sex; Tomb H ^y.
a small steatite button-seal crosshatched below; S xxiii fragments of coarse red ware with white
paint round rim and a cross scrawled over the center, also in white paint, and with an incised

potter's mark (fragmentary)

Tomb H 58.

A pit in the sand : inside, confused bones 9. Tomb H §8.

Tomb H 59.

Unfinished. A stepped dromos had been cut down to a straight face at a depth of 2.20 m., Tomb H jp.
but the chamber had not been hollowed out.

Tomb H 60.

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 2.00 m. deep, with chambers at the west end. Tomb H 60.
The whole roof of the main chamber A had fallen in.

In the shaft were numerous fragments of potten,- including some from three pots S ii of
creamy white-faced ware. 1 "i

In chamber A were fifteen bodies. Against the south wall at its west end lay a body c?, head
west, extended, with the hands folded over the pelvis; next to it in the same
attitude was a body 9 wearing two necklaces, one of plain dark blue glass
beads, the other of mixed red, green, and green-and- white glass spheroids:
the body had worn a wig. Next to this was another body 9 , same position,
against whose right thigh lay a bronze mirror with handle in the form of a
nude girl, 10312, PI. 62, an alabaster pilgrim-bottle, 10299, PI- 66, and a clay
pilgrim-bottle, 10507; just by the knee was a set of beads of camelian and
blue glaze, long lentoids strung alternately with small spheroids. The body
next to this, in the same attitude, had been crushed to pieces. To the east of
these bodies, near the south wall, were the remains of a painted wooden
sarcophagus. In front of the doorway of chamber C were two painted wooden
sarcophagi side by side resting partly on the fourth of the bodies already mentioned, partly
across another sarcophagus lying east by west. Below all these lay the body of a child wearing
round its body a string of beads (or perhaps two strings confused), 10252, PI. 54; with these was
a scarab, 10069, P^- 57 ^^'^ about 0.40 m. away, beyond the area occupied by the child's bones,
but on the same level, was a scarab of Menkepherre, 10068, PI. 57: it lay just at the comer of
the raised door-.sill of Chamber C. Near the north wall of the chamber, close to the door of
chamber B, were three more sarcophagi, piled one on the top of the other, and a fourth which
lay half in this chamber and halt in B. All these cofifins were eaten by white ants and, together
with the bones that they contained, broken to fragments by the collapse of the roof.

In the rubbish that filled the chamber were the scattered remains of two other bodies;
remains of some horn bracelets; a broken alabaster kohlpot; a shell, 10666; a scarab, 10067,
PL 57 ; a set of brown and yellow beads with two bone spacers, forming a bracelet, 10253, P^- 54'
a set of small red glaze beads, 10250; two white steatite lentoid beads, a string of small ovoid
electrum beads, 10251; pottery, S ii fragments of at least three examples in whitish-grey ware.

158

BUHEN

Tomb H 60. S vii fragments of two in rough red clay; S xi rough red ware with a few vertical bumishing-lines,
height 0.20 m., another, rough red unbumished, height 0.135 ^i.. and fragments of at least two
similar, S xv red clay, height 0.26 m., 10509, PI. 46, and fragments of a second similar; S xxiii
mud-coloured clay, band of red paint round rim, diameter o. 19 m,, and fragments of two others
similar; another in plain drab brown ware, diameter 0.18 m., and fragments of two in rough red
ware and one in brown clay ; S xxx fragments ; S xxxix very rough reddish clay ; S xlvi fragments,
rough red ware, S Ivi light surface with concentric circles in dark paint (Khartum) and another
similar, faded, 10508; S Ix fragment in reddish-brown clay.

Chamber B was empty.

In chamber C were the bones from one body, and several small slabs of ivory from a box.

Tomh H 61.

Tomb H 61.

No trace of superstructure. The shaft was 2.00 m. deep, with chambers at the
west end: all the roof of chamber A had fallen in.

In the grave were bones from three bodies; pottery. S xx rough brown clay,
height, 0.225 m., and fragments of a second; S xxiii fragments of two of mud-coloured
clay with a band of red paint round the rim.

Scale, 1: 250,

Tomb H 62.

Scale, i: 250.

Tomb H 62.

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 1.80 m. deep, with chambers to
east and west: the whole of the roof of chamber A had fallen in, and chamber B
ran into chamber B of H 63.

In chamber A were bones of two bodies 6^ c? ; an alabaster kohlpot,
shape D, height 0.05 m.; pottery-, S xvi light red clay, height 0.14 m., 10510;
S XX rough red clay, height 0.26 m.; S xxi rough brown clay, height 0.25 m.;
S xxii red clay, inside finely burnished, diameter 0.165 "^ 1 ^ ^^^ ^'^'^'o examples;
S xxxi brown clay unburnished, height 0.095 "^•> S xxxvi finely burnished re J.
height 0.25 m.

Tomb H 63.

Tomb H 63. No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 2.40 m. deep, with chambers to east and west;

the chambers were particularly badly cat; B ran through to chamber B of H 62, and its roof
had fallen in.

In chamber A were found fiagments of a pot, handmade and hearth-
burned, covered with rough punctured ornament: date doubtful.

In chamber B were found a bronze cutting-out knife, 10314, PI. 63; a pair

of bronze tweezers (broken), 103 17 A-B; two pointed rods of bronze; two

small slightly concave bronze discs; three palettes, thin and roughly rounded,

of slate, 10667; a small whetstone; a flint knife; three alabaster kohlpots,

shape D, much decayed, heights 0.065 ^-^ o-°4 ™' °°35 n^-^ seven

bumishing-pebbles; a big shell; a large treble tubular glass bead; two jasper

scarabs, plain (one broken), 1007 1 ; a scarab of green glaze set in gold, design

of lion and crocodile (Khartum); scarab, 10070, PI. 57 and two with a design

of snakes, beetles, ankhs, and nefers; pottery, S viii rough red clay, height 0.30 m., 105 12, and

another similar; S xxii inside brilliantly burnished red, diameter 0.165 m., 10513, and another

similar, diameter 0.155 m.; S xxxv plain burnished red, height 0.145 m., 10514, and another

with creamy slip and string-hanger pattern in black, height o.ii m., 10515; S li brilliantly

burnished red, height 0.21 m., 10511, PI. 48.

Scale, 1:250.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

159

Tomb H 64.

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 2.30m. deep, with chambers | p, ^ ^ | Tomb H 64

at the west end rather rudely cut: doors plain without reveals.

In the tomb were a fragment of bronze; a fragment of rock crj-stai; two
draughtsmen, one of carnelian and one of alabaster, 10668 A-B; scarab,
10072. PI. 57.

Scale, 1:250.

Tomb H 65.

Round the top of the shaft was a wall of mud brick representing the superstructure: it Tomb H 6s.
measured 4.80 m. by 2.60 m. The shaft was 5.40 m. deep and at the bottom were cut steps
leading to the single chamber at the west end: the middle step of the three
was 0.20 m. wide, and the total rise of the steps was i.oo m.

In the tomb were bones from one body; quantities of wood from a
coffin; a bronze razor (Khartum); bronze tweezers, 10318; some fragments of
bronze, 10669; remains of a large alabaster and of a large steatite vase; a
steatite heart scarab (Khartum); a stucco mask painted yellow, 10417;
plaquette 10073, PI- 57' and scarab, 10074; pottery, S xxii remains of six
examples in rough red clay; S xxiii fragment, mud-coloured clay with
band of red paint round rim, and fragment of highly burnished red ware;
S XXX seventeen examples; S xxxvi white slip painted red with string-hanger
design in purple, height 0.135, 10517, another similar, height 0.115 m., 10518, and fragments
of light ware with bands of brown paint; also fragments of two vessels, a long-necked variety of
S xxxv, one of red ware, with white slip, whereon dark lines, the other of red clay, with
yellowish burnished surface, date doubtful; also a Romano-Nubian vessel F v red ware with
narrow black bands, broken.

Scale, i: 250.

Tomb H 66.

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 3.10 m. deep, with chambers to east
and west. Doors plain without reveals and chambers poorly cut.

In chamber A were found remains of a bronze bowl; a bronze spear-head.
10320; scarabs, 10075, 10076; part of a green glaze ushabti and of a very poor clay
ushabti; pottery, S xvi of red clay, broken; and a ver)- small toy pot (S xxxiii
variant), height 0.028 m.

TombH 66.

Scale, I : soo.

Tomb H 67.

No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 3.65 m. d;ep, with chambers to east
and wesf the floor of chamber B was 0.65 m. higher than the bottom of the shaft.

In the shaft were found a blue glass scarab, 10078, PI. 57; and numerous
fragments of pottery, mostly XVIIl"" dynasty, but one of Romano-Nubian type,
red with black and white bands.

In chamber A were found a bronze ring with the stone missing from the bezel
(? Romano-Nubian); a steatite kohlpot of shape D; a steatite vase of shape B; a
blue glaze rosette amulet and a few beads (some Romano-Nubian) ; a rough
pottery seal, 10077.

In chamber B were found a bronze dagger with ivory handle (Khartum);
alabaster kohlpot of shape A; scarab, 10079, P'- 57; ^ set of blue-and-white glass and
carnelian beads, 10255; pottery, S xvi rough red clay, height 0.215 m., and another,

Tomb H 6j.

Scale, 1:

160

BUHEN

Scale,

TombH6j. height 0.14 m.' also Romano-Nubian types F v curled rim, black handmade ware with incised
pattern of hatch-filled triangles and diamonds round the neck, height 0.19 m.; F xx plain red
clay, height 0.28 m.; F xxxii plain red clay, height 0.09 m.

Tomb H 68.

TombH 68. No trace of superstructure in situ. The shaft was 2.70 m. deep, with chambers to east and

west; the doors were plain on the outside but had internal jambs. Chamber A was very roughly
cut; the floor of B was 0.45 m. below the bottom of the shaft.

In the shaft were a great nimiber of bricks; these may have come from the original
superstructure, or may be from a Romano-Nubian superstructure erected when the
grave was re-used. In the shaft also, at its west end and about on the level of the
lintel of the door of chamber B, was found a sandstone statue of a Ba bird having a
hawk's head (Khartllm).

In chamber A were found a bronze blade, 10323; a bronze awl. 10321 ; a carnelian
ear-ring. 10369; two carnelian amulets of Taurt, 10222-3, and one of lapis lazuH, 10221, PI. 55;
scarabs, 10080, 10081 B, 10082-3, PI- 5T> some small blue glaze beads, and some blue and
white discoid beads, 10256; four ver\- bad clay ushabtis; pottery, S xxiii fragments of four
in rough red clay and of another .similar but with a band of red paint round the rim ; S xxviii
fragments of two well-made of plain red clay; S xxx small example; Sxxxv red clay, cream slip,
height 0.075 ™-

In chamber B were found a bronze hook; scarab, 10081, PI. 57; blue glaze pendant, 10220;
pottery, S ix rough red clay, height 0.30 m.; S xv brown clay with band of red paint round rim,
height 0.23 m., 10520, and another similar, height 0.15 m.; S xx red clay, height 0.28 m., and
another similar but badly misshapen, rough brown clay, height 0.20 m.; S xxi red clay, height
0.215 "1-. and another similar but verj- rough, height 0.23 m.; S xxiii brown clay, inner face red
washed and burnished (broken) and three others of mud-coloured clay with band of red paint
round rim, diameters 0.21 m., 0.195 m., 0.187 m., and fragments of a fourth similar; S Ixi rough
red clay, height 0.15 m.

' : In '^chamber C were found remains of eleven bodies; a few small blue glaze and steatite
discoid beads; pottery, S iv rough brown ware, grey slip, height 0.21 m.; S xxi, broken; S xxii
red clay haematite washed, broken; also Romano-Nubian vessels, F i, red with black bands,
broken; F iii red with black and white bands, height 0.31 m.; F v with 'Curled rim. red with
black bands, height 0.22 m.; similar, rough, red with black bands, height 0.18 m., and fragments
of another similar, and another rough, red with black wreath on shoulder, height 0.21 m.; F vii
handmade black ware covered with incised zig-zag ornament; F viii rough, red with black and
white bands, height 0.31 m.; F xvii variant with globular body, red ware, broad white band
round, whereon narrow black lines, black spots on shoulder, height 0.25 m.; F xxxv plain red.
height 0.28m.; F Iii red with black wreath, broken; F Iv handmade black ware with incised
zig-zag ornament round rim, height 0.17 m.; and a jug (handle missing) shaped rather like F v
of rough handmade ware, haematite washed, black-topped, hearth-burned, height 0.19 m. All
these Romano-Nubian specimens are at Khartum.

Tomb H 6g.

Scalt, 1: 250.' \

Tomb H 6g.

No trace of superstructure. The shaft was 2.80 m. deep with a chamber at the west
end. In the grave were found remains of two bodies; an alabaster kohlpot of shape G,
height 0.067 m., and another of shape D, height 0.27 m.; a carnelian ear-ring, 10370;
scarabs, 10084, PI. 57, 10707; some small blue glaze discoid beads; pottery, S xx
fragments of two in rough red ware; S xxv rough red ware burnt to grey, twisted
out of shape in the kiln, diameter 0.20 m.; also a Romano-Nubian pot, F v, rough
red ware with black bands.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

161

Tomb H 70.

In the grave were found a bronze staff-end or ferrule ; a bronze cleaver, 10325 A, PL 63; a Tomb H ^o.
bronze razor, three alabaster kohlpots (two with lids) of shape D; a steatite kohlpot of the same
shape; a haematite kohlstick; half of a green glaze bowl with design of ducks in black, 10674;
a glaze ring, 10085; a few glaze beads; potter}', S iii rough drab-brown clay, height 0.34 m.;
S XX remains of four, red clay ; S xxii fragment, inner face finely burnished red ; S xxiii fragment,
red washed, unbumished, and another fragment mud-coloured clay with band of red paint round
rim; S xxxiii red ware, grey slip, fragment; S xxxv fragment of burnished red, and another
fragment, light surface with dark paint lines.

Tomb H 71.

No trace of superstructure. All doors and chambers very badly cut.

In chamber A were found remains of three bodies; two camelian
"dumb-bell" beads; blue glaze seal, 10080 B; blue glaze amulet, 10707;
scarab of Menkheperre; potterv', S xii rough red ware with lightly incised
horizontal lines round body, height 0.27 m.; S xiv rough red ware, height
0.21 m.; S xvi red ware, height 0.235 m.; S xxii rough red ware, diameter
0.16 m.; S xxiii mud-coloured clay with band of red paint round rim,
diameter, 0.255 m., and another similar diameter 0.23 m.; S xxvi rough
red ware; also Romano-Nubian vessels, F xx, plain light red, height
0.17 m.; F xxxii red-faced, height 0.16 m.

Tomb H 71.

Scale, i: 250.

Tomb H 72.

No traces of any superstructure. The tomb was reached by a flight of steps
ending in a shaft: there were three chambers at the west end.

By the doorway of the shaft was found a scarab, 10086, PI. 57. In chamber A
were found a bronze bowl, round based, diameter 0.14 m., 10324; an alabaster
jug resembling 10296, broken ; fragments of an alabaster and of a steatite kohlpot,
shape D; pottery, S xxii muddy brown clay, diameter o.io m.; S xxiii fragments
of three of rough red clay. S xxxv rough red clay, height 0.12 m.

Tomb H 72.

Tomb H 73.

Surface-burial in the sand under the edge of the rock plateau; lying east by west. Inside, Tomb H ^j.
body of child, disturbed, only a few fragments of bone left; scarabs, 10087-8-9; a string of steatite
and brown and black glaze beads, 10257; a string of blue glaze lentoid beads, 10258; two shells,
pierced.

Tomb H 74.

The stepped dromos was cut in the shelving rock below the edge of the plateau, and was Tomb H J4.
lined with brickwork on which probably a vault had rested (c/. the XII. dynasty stepped dromos-
tombs of cemetery K). The roof of the main chamber A was supported by a central pillar of
living rock; its floor was 2.50 m. below the level of the plateau.

In chamber A were found bones from one body; four ear-rings of gilt bronze, 10372-3-4-5;
a bronze razor, 10326 and part of a second; a fragment of a bronze disc; six alabaster kohlpots
of shape D, all very much decayed; nine small flint knife-blades; three bumishing-pebbles; a
quantity of uncut and partly cut amethysts; a set of small carnelian beads; some mixed
beads, large green glaze and small red glaze and steatite spheroids, and blue glaze bugles; scaralis.

162

BUHEN

Tomb H -^ etc., 10090-1-2-3, 10095-10109, PI. 57, including Sesostris P', Hatshepsut, and Thothmes 3'''';
pottery, S vi creamy drab clay with scratched wavy line decoration, height 0.41 m., 10542, PI. 45,
and another of plain red clay; S vii mud-coloured clay, red wash, height
0.28 m.., 10523 A, another red clay, height 0.28 m., 10523 B, and five others
similar; S x orange clay, red wash, height 0.22 m., 10532, another red clay,
height 0.50m., 10538; S XV fragrtients of three; S xvi fragments; S xxi
fragments of six; S xxii, red clay, inner face finely burnished, diameter
0.15 m., 10528, diameter 0.155 ^^■' 1053°. diameter 0.165 m., 10531, diameter
0.18 m., 10534 and fragments of some thirteen others; S xxiii red clay,
diameter 0.45 m., with impressed string pattern on outer rim; S xxiv red
clay, creamy slip, diameter 0.085 m., 10541; S xxv red clay; S xxvi light
red clay, pink wash, height 0.09 m., 10529, red clay, height 0.093 i^-- io535.
and four others of red clay, two with a band of white paint round the rim,
also five others of mud-coloured clay with a band of red paint round the rim;
S xxx two examples; S xxxii creamy slip with string-hanger pattern in black,
10524; S xxxiv creamy slip, red and black lines, height o.iom., 10533;
S XXXV light red clay, height 0.085 ^n-^ i°536. creamy slip, string-hanger pattern in black, height
0.14 m., 10537, red wash, height 0.06 m., 10543. and four complete and fragments of several
broken examples of shapes S xxxii-xxxv; S li fragment; S liii fragments of five, plain red clay,
10525; S Ivii red ware with punctured panels, height o.ii m., 10527, PI. 49, flakey grey-black
ware with punctured panels, height 0.13 m. (broken), 10540, PI. 49, and fragments of two others
of the more squat type, one black and one burnished red; S Ixvii red clay, light pink surface,
height o.io m., 10539, PI. 48; and numerous fragments of vessels of uncertain form.

In chamber B were found an alabaster kohlpot, shape D; pottery, S xxxi white surface,
lines of dark paint much faded.

In chamber C were found some gold foil; a piece of rock cr\-stal cut as if for setting in a ring;
scarab, 10094, PL 57.

Scale, 1:250,

height 0.123 rfi-

Tomb H 75.

TombH-y, No trace of any superstructure. The shaft was 2.70 m. deep, with chambers at the west

end; the chambers were neatly cut and the doors had good reveals; the door-slab of chamber A
had been let down into a groove cut in the sill. Chamber A had its floor level
0.45 m. lower than the bottom of the shaft; chamber B was three steps lower;
chamber C was two steps (0.15 m.) lower, and was taken up by two coffin-pits
0.90 m. deep.

In the grave were found the remains of three bodies; fragments of a
bronze ring; scarab, 10707; a few beads of green glaze ; pottery, S vii fragments;
S xi muddy clay, red wash, height 0.23 m., 10544; S xii red clay haematite
washed, height 0.235 rn- i°545i another similar, height 0.28 m., 10546, another
similar, height 0.29 m.; S xxiii two examples of plain red clay and one with
inner face burnished; S xxviii two examples, mud-coloured clay, inner face
Scale i.ao. painted red, one diameter 0.15 m., and the other broken.

Tomb H 76.

TotrbH j6. The shaft lay north by south, and was 3.40 m. deep. Round the top of it was a rectangle

of brickwork 3.70 m. by 2.40 m., being the foundation of the superstructure.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBvS

163

In the grave were two or three bones, sex indistinguishable; bezel of a bronze ring, loiio; Tomb H j6.
fragments of an engraved sandstone stela; a blue glaze pendant
of Rameses 2"'', loiii, PI. 58; a few mixed glaze beads; pottery,
S xvi red clay, fragment; S xx fragments of nine, reddish grey
clay; S xxi fragments of five; S xxii two examples with burnished
inner face, diameter 0.15 m., and fragment of another of plain red
ware; S xxviii fragments, rough red ware with band of white
paint round rim; S Ivii flakey black clay, punctured design, 10547,
PI. 49-

Scale,

Tomb H 77.

Faint traces of superstructure. The shaft was 3.20 m. deep, with a single
chamber at the west end.

In the grave were found bones from one body; fragments of a wooden
sarcophagus; a (broken) bone stud; a white plaster mask, 10418; pottery, S vii red
clay, fragment; S xxii plain red clay; S xxx two examples. ^ .

Tomb H 77.

Tomb H 78.

Round the top of the shaft was a rectangle of brickwork 4.50 m.
by 2.60m. and three courses high. The shaft was 3.00 m. deep, with
chambers to east and west, seven in all: the chambers and doors were
roughly cut.

In the grave were found an alabaster kohlpot of shape D, height
0.043 m.; a set of glaze and carnelian beads, 10260 A; sets of vari-
coloured glass beads with bone spacers, 10259, 10260 B; pottery, S ii grey
clay, creamy slip, height 0.63 m.; S xi mud-coloured clay, partly red
washed, height 0.17 m., 10548; S xvi red clay, height 0.225 m.; S xxii
red ware, fragments of two; S xxiii red clay, haematite washed, diameter
0.24 m., another similar, diameter 0.20 m., and fragments of two others;
S xxxi red clay, creamy slip, height 0.16 m., 10549; S xxxii creamy surface,
height 0.085 m., 10550; S Ivi white surface with concentric circles in
brown, height 0.24 m., and another similar, height 0.19 m.; S Ivii
fragment, flakey black clay with punctured zig-zag ornament; also a small
funnel of black pottery, height 0.0^7 m., 10675.

Tomb H jS.

Scale, 1:2^0.

Tomb H 79.

Chamber A opened straight off the rough face at the edge of the plateau, and
its roof was only 0.50 m. thick.

In chamber A were found bones from three bodies cf c? o; pottery, S v coarse
mud-coloured clay, haematite wash, height 0.48 m., 10552 A, PI. 45, and fragments
of another; S xi light red clay, haematite wash (broken), 10553; ^ xxv plain red
ware, diameter 0.145 m.; S xxviii four examples, mud-coloured clay with band of red
paint round rim, diameter 0.12m., 10554-5, PI. 47; S xxix mud-coloured clay,
diameter o.iom., 10551, PI. 47, and twelve others similar; S xlix rough clay, height 0.14 m.;
S Ixviii muddy red clay, haematite wash (broken), 10552 B.

Tomb H jg

Scalr, i:2so-

164

BUHEN

Tomb H 80.

Tomb H 80. Chamber A opened directly onto the rock face at the edge of the plateau. The roof of both

chambers had fallen in. Chamber B had had a central pillar to support the roof: on its west wall
were drawn in black paint four full-face heads; they were only a sketch,
probably for sculpture in relief, the proportions being marked out by red
squares.

Chamber A was empty.

In chamber B along against the south wall lay a body d^ head west,

extended with the arms by the sides; there had been a plaster mask over the

face (this was broken), and on one of the fingers was a bronze ring, 10112,

PI. 65. Also in the chamber were found some fragments of a bronze bowl; two

bronze rivets; a string of very small gold beads with lapis, camelian and glaze

amulets, 10262, PI. 54; a string of large blue glaze plate beads, 10263; scarabs,

10063-4, PI. 57; a blue glaze imitation of a Mycenaean vase, 10290, PI. 53;

pottery, S i drab clay with burnished creamy slip, height 0.54 m., 10556, PI. 45;

S xxii muddy clay, red washed, diameter 0.22 m., another, mud-coloured clay with band of red

paint round rim, diameter 0.30 m.; S xxiii red clay, haematite washed on inner face, not

burnished, diameter 0.34 m., 0.26 m., 0.25 m., and one of mud-coloured clay with band of red

paint round outer rim, diameters 0.205 m.; S xli buff surface, rings of brown varnish, height

0.10 m., 10558.

Scale, 1:250.

Tomb H 81.

Tomb H 81. Surface burial in the sand under the edge of the rock plateau; undisturbed. Body 9,

head west, extended on the right side, the hands by the sides.

At the back of the neck was a scarab, 10113; round the head were four pots, S v two examples
in red clay; S vii drab ware with creamy white slip; S xxii rough red ware, inner face haematite
washed, and another similar but with inner face burnished.

Tomb H 82.

TombH 82. Surface burial in the sand under the edge of the rock plateau; undisturbed. Body of infant,

head west, extended on the left side, the hands by the sides.

Above the head reaching from the middle of the skull to the top of the forehead were two
ivory wands, 10348 c-d, ending in hands; they were together, one above the other, and the
hands touched the forehead. Round the neck and reaching down to the right elbow was a string
of small steatite and brown glaze ring beads, 10264; and a second string of green and blue glaze
beads with amulets, 10271, PI. 54.

Tomb H 83.

Tomb II 8jj. Similar burial. Body (f, head west, extended on the right side, the hands by the sides.

Tomb H 84.

TombH 84. Similar burial. Body of infant, head west. By the neck were '.wo glaze beads.

Tomb H 85.

TombH 8$. Surface burial in the sandy khor; the body lay in a deposit of charcoal and burned matter

under the sand. Body c?, head south, extended on the back, the hands by the sides; with it
a scarab, 101 14, PI. 58.

CEMETERY H. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 165

Tomb H 86.

Similar burial, by the side of the last. Body cf , head north, extended half on the left side, Tomb H 86.
half on the back, the hands by the sides.

Tomb H 87.

Similar burial; infant's body, extended, head north ; by the neck a steatite lentoid bead. Tomb H 8y.

Tomb H 88.

Similar burial; disturbed; part of infant's skull only. Tomb H 86.

Tomb H 89.

Similar burial; infant's body, extended, head north; above the head fragments of a large Tomb H 8g.
vessel, S ix (?), and two tumblers, S xxviii, of red clay.

Tomb H 90.

Similar grave; body 9 , head south, extended on the right side, almost on the face, the hands Tomb H go.
by the sides; with it fragments of S i.x rough red clay; S xxii of mud coloured clay; S xxviii of
mud-coloured clay.

Tomb H 91.

Similar grave; child's body, head south, extended on back, the hands by the sides; round the Tomb H gi.
neck a string of blue green and white discoid beads.

Tomb H 92.

Similar grave ; body c?, head north, extended on back, the hands by the sides. Tomb H g2.

Tomb H 93.

Similar grave; body 9 , head north, extended on back, the hands by the sides; by it the Tomb H gj.
body of an infant, head south. Above the head of the body 9 a pot S v of rough red clay;
S xxviii of reddish drab ware.

Tomb H 94.

Similar grave; body d', head south, extended on back, the hands by the sides; over the Tomb H g4.
face had been a plaster mask (c/. H 100) of which only a few fragments remained.

Tomb H 95.

Similar grave; infant's body, head south, extended on the left side, the hands by the sides; Tomb H 95.
round the neck two strings of beads, one of green glaze balls and bugles, 10266, PI. 54, and one
of steatite and green glaze ring beads, 10267.

Tomb H 96.

Similar grave; body of small child, head north, extended on the right side, the hands by the Tomb H g6.
sides. There were traces of a wooden coffin. Round the neck was a silver torque with a bronze
disc and silver shell pendants attached, 10327 A, PI. 65 ; and a string of ver\' small blue green and
white ring beads; round each wrist was a broad ribbed silver bangle, 10327 B-C; on the left hip
(perhaps from the wrist) lay a set of small mixed glaze and carnelian beads.

166

BUHEN

Tomb H 97.

Tomb H Qj. Similar grave; body 9, head south, extended on the right side, the hands by the sides;

round the neck were some very small blue glaze ring beads.

Tomb H 98.

TombHgS. Similar grave; body 9, head south, extended on the right side, the hands by the sides;

there were fragments of a rectangular wooden coffin. The body had apparently been wrapped
and covered with stucco. By the feet pottery S v, rough red clay, height 0.50 m.; S xxviii red
clay, diameter 0.185 m.

Tomb H 99.

TombH gg. Similar grave; child's body, head south, extended on back; round the neck a string of very

small blue and white glaze ring beads, and one amethyst bead.

Tomb H
100.

Tomb H 100.

Similar grave; the body o was much smashed: head south, extended on back. There were
remains of a wooden coffin. The body had been coated with stucco which, at least over the
head, seemed to have been applied directly to the skin; it was no thicker than paper, except
for the ears, which were modelled in relief: on the back there could not be detected any traces of
the imprint of linen. The face was left white, the top of the head was painted blue, the chin-strap
blue with black outlines, the eyes were drawn in black and blue with red eyeballs, the lips were
painted blue. It would seem as if, in the case of these poor burials, the place of the painted or
gilt Hathor mask of the better graves (c/. H 10) was taken by a rude painting made on the body
itself. The stucco which served as a ground for the colour was of course found in fragments,
and the above description is based on the more obvious evidence given by these fragments.
There was in the grave a pot S xxiii, small, of mud-coloured clay.

Tomb H
101.

Tomb H loi.

Similar grave; body 9 , head south, extended on back, the hands by the sides. The body
had been treated similarly to the last but the paint was in a much worse condition. Only part
of the eye could be distinguished; on the body, which was wrapped in stufT, were a few traces in
paint of a black and red crescent pectoral.

Round the neck was a string of ver>' small green glaze ring beads.

Tomb H

102.

Tomb H 102.

Similar grave; body 9 , head north, extended on the left side, almost on the back, the hands
by the sides. Above the head, set on edge, a vessel S xxiii of mud-coloured clay.

Tomb H
103.

TombH
104.

Tomb H
JOS.

Tomb H 103.

Similar grave; body c?, head south, extended on the face, the hands by the sides.

Tomb H 104.

Similar grave; body c?, head north, extended on the back, the hands by the sides.

Tomb H 105.

Similar grave, cut in the disintegrated blue sandstone; body o all broken up, head east,
extended on back, the hands by the sides.

CHAPTER XI

CEMETERY J. DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

Note. — ^4// tomb plans are drawn so that the north (as reckoned by the course of the river) is on the right
hand side.

For plans of tombs J i to J 2^ see Plan G (inset).

Tomb J I.

Scattered about the grave were bones from thirty-one bodies; fragments of painted wooden Tomb J t.
sarcophagi; a wooden kohlstick; bronze tweezers, 10334; two lots of mixed glass and glaze beads,
10272, A and C, and a string of small barrel-shaped red glaze beads, 10272 B; pottery, S xvi
coarse red ware, height 0.31 m.; S xx coarse red ware; S xxi fragments of three; S xxii plain
red clay, fragments of two; similar, mud-coloured clay with a band of red paint round the rim,
fragment; red burnished inside, fragments of two; S xxx fragments of two; S xxxi fragment,
grey face with black lines; S xxxii white slip, black paint bands, height cog m.; Sli fragment;
S Ixix rough red clay, diameter 0.075 ^^■< i°635; also Romano-Nubian beads, 10272 D, E, F, and
some of dark green and red glass (? Arab), 10272 G and a tumbler F xlix red ware with black rim.

Tomb J 2.

Poor grave; undisturbed. In it six bodies, c? c? 9 9 9 -f , five with heads northwest. Tomb J 2.
one southeast, extended, hands by sides; they had been enclosed in plain wooden coffins. Also
in the grave were two alabaster kohlpots, shape E, 0.08 m and 0.05 m. high; and two jugs
S xxxvii of brilliantly burnished red clay with, on the necks, figures of animals in black, heights
0.155 m., 0.16 m., 10563-4, PI. 50.

Tomb J 3.

No trace of superstructure, but the doorway had well-cut reveals with imposts of mud brick. Tomb J j.
In the grave, fragments from twelve bodies; fragments of a stucco mask; pottery, S xxiv red clay,
diameter 0.07 m.; S xxviii red clay, diameter o.io m., 10565.

Tomb J 4.

No trace of any superstructure. In the grave, fragments of twenty bodies; fragments of a Tomb J 4.
wooden coffin; fragments of a wooden head-rest; fragment of wood with painting of a woman's
head; fragment of arrow-shaft; part of a painted stucco mask; three beads, amethyst, blue glaze
and blue glass; scarab, 10128, PI. 58; pottery S xxii, fragment; S Ixx red clay, diameter o.ii m.,

10566, PI. 48 (? date); also, of Romano-Nubian ware F viii red clay with black and white bands,
height 0.23 m.; F xix plain red, height o.ig m.; F xxxii plain red, height 0.145 m.; F xlix coarse
black ware, height 0.075 '^•

Tomb J 5.

No trace of any superstructure. The roof of the chamber had fallen in and the whole rock Tomb J 5.
above was in too dangerous a condition to allow of work proceeding beyond the entrance.
Just by the door were found bones from five bodies and a pot S vii of rough red clay, height 0.39 m.,

10567, PI. 46.

(IGT)

168
Tomb J 6.

BUHEN

Tomb J 6. A very small grave. In it a few bones of uncertain sex.

Tomb J 7.

Tomh J J. No trace of any superstructure. The grave was small and part of the roof had fallen in.

There were found in it bones from four bodies; half of the lid of an alabaster kohlpot; fragments of
a fine coloured and gilt plaster mask; ablue glaze button seal, 10273 C; scarab (of Menkheperre),
10129, PI. 58; some steatite and blue glaze amethyst and carnelian beads, 10273 C.

Tomb J 8.

Tomb J 8. No trace of any superstructure. Part of the roof had fallen in. In the grave were found

scattered remains of at least seven bodies (c? V + + o o o); scarab, 10130, PI. 58; a Romano-
Nubian iron bracelet ending in snakes' heads; a few Romano-Nubian gilt glass beads.

Tomb J 9.

Tomb J p. The approach walls had been faced with mud: this mud facing was intact only on the

rounded door-jambs. In the grave were remains of thirty-five bodies; a wooden coffin rudely
hollowed out from a palm log; part of a wooden head-rest; part of a wooden stool; part of a
leather sandal; alabaster kohlpot, shape D; a blue glaze Bes pendant, 10708; two bracelets of
roughly shaped blue glaze beads on their original strings; pottery, S xxxiii white-drab clay, height
0.055 ™-'' similar, red clay, height 0.057 m.; S xlix red clay, height 0.18 m.; S Ivi light red clay,
height 0.14 m., 10569; and a pot, probably Romano-Nubian, F xix brown clay with haematite
wash, height 0.22 m.

Tomb J 10.

Tomb J 10. No trace of superstructure. In the grave one or two bones of uncertain sex.

Tomb J II.

Tomb J II. The passage leading to the door of the tomb, cut down in the sloping rock, was lined with

brickwork and had originally been vaulted: some of the vaulting-bricks remained and showed
the height of the passage to have been i .60 m. At the outer end of this passage was a rectangular
brick chamber with a doorway; presumably this had been vaulted also (cf. J 15, PI. 44). The
tomb was ill cut and ran through into J 1 2.

In it were found bones from thirty-two bodies; fragments from painted sarcophagi ; a leather
sandal ; some remains of basket-work ; two pieces of a blue glaze plaque, one of them roughly cut
into the form of a bird, 10678 A-B; scarabs 10132-3, PI. 58, (the Neb-maat-remay be Rameses 6*'');
a blue glaze Taurt pendant, 10230; a few blue glass and steatite beads; an ivory bracelet,
10379; pottery, S xx fragments, burnished red inside; S xxii burnished red inside; S xxv
creamy-brown surface, burnished inside, dianieter o.ii m., 10571, PI. 47; S xxviii fragment,
handmade, rough red ware; S xxxi fragments, white surface with black paint lines; S Iviii
fragments, finely burnished; also a very rough handmade pot, 10572; and part of a red-washed
goblet with straight sides, pointed base and base-ring, S Ixxi, PI. 48.

Tomb J 12.

Tomb J 12. An outer court and an approach of mud brick ; the passage was at a lower level than the

outer court, from which it was reached by a stone sill; it had been vaulted but the vault had
perished: it seems to have been 1.80 m. high; the present height of the walls is 1.40 m. In

CEMETERY J. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 169

the passage lay a painted and inscribed stela with oval top, 0.60 m. by 0.45 m., which gives Tomb J 12.

the name of Horu and is described on p. 183. In the grave were scattered bones from some

twenty-six bodies; fragments of wooden coffins; a painted wooden pectoral, decayed; a wooden

kohlpot, carved as a palm column, 10680; a bronze needle, 10335 B; fragments of an alabaster

and of a steatite kohlpot; four ivon,^ ear-rings, 10381-2-3-4; scarab, 10134, PI. 58; three blue

glaze amulets, two of Bes, one of Taurt, 10225-6-7, PI. 55; some mixed blue glass, camelian and

steatite beads; a plain square plaque of blue glaze; a set of porcupine quills, 10705 ; some oyster

shells; pottery, S iv red clay with dark band round neck, height 0.24 m.; S vii red clay, height

0.23 m., 10573, and two others; S xxii fragment, red clay; another, mud-coloured clay with band

of red paint round rim, diameter 0.215 m.; S xxx three examples; S xxxii red with dark bands,

height o 14 m.; S xxxix thick white slip, surface burnished, height 0.175 "!•• i°S74. PI- 47-

Tomb J 13.

No trace of any superstructure. In the grave were remains of nine bodies; fragments of Tomb J 13
painted wooden sarcophagi; part of a painted wood ushabti; an engraved bronze ring, 10137,
PI. 65; a number of porcupine quills, 10705 ; scarab, 10136, PI. 58; a blue glaze finger ring, 10135,
PI. 55; a blue glaze pendant of Ptah, 10228, PI. 55, a glass figure of Taurt, 10229; some oyster
shells; pottery, S iii red clay, height 0.395 m., 10575; another similar, height 0.38 m., and
fragments of a third larger; S xv plain red clay, height 0.22 m.; S xx remains of three; S xxi
squat variant, plain red clay, height 0.1 1 m.; S xxii five of red clay, inner face burnished; S xxvii
red clay with perpendicular pebble-burnishing, height 0.09 m., 10577, PI. 47.

Also two Romano-Nubian pots, F xix reddish gray clay, height 0.09 m.; F xxi coarse red
clay, haematite washed, height 0.22 m., 10576; and fragments of handmade black incised ware,
a cup and a pot, shape doubtful, probably of the same date.

Tomb J 14.

Of the superstructure there remained the brick doorway of the chamber, the side walls of the Tomb J 14
approach passage, standing as high as the springers of the vault, 1.05 m., one brick jamb of the
passage entrance, and a small piece of the outer court wall: the court had been on a higher level
than the passage which was reached by a step threshold. In the passage was found an inscribed
sandstone stela with oval top, 0.37 m. by 0.27 m., giving the name of the judge Aam (see p. 183).
Also in the grave were found two wooden mallets, 10649 A-B; a plain hoop of bronze, perhaps
a finger ring; pottery, S xvi mud-coloured clay, haematite washed, height 0.165 ^n., 10578;
S xxxi light pinkish drab clay, height 0.20 m.: 10579, on the top of which was set a small saucer
of plain red clay.

Tomb J 15.

The superstructure of this tomb was the best preserved of any on the hill (see PI. 44). On Tomb J i§.
a small cleared space was laid a mud pavement surrounded by a low wall of brick one stretcher
course (0.20 m.) thick: the area enclosed measured only 1.15 m. by 0.90 m. and probably served
as a place where offerings might be deposited. At the back of the court was the doorway of the
approach-passage: there was a stone threshold with a step down into the passage. The wall
whose ends formed the door-jambs was 0.50 m. thick and was carried beyond the limits of the
court, 1.50 m. and 1.80 m., so as to mask the face of the rock as seen from the outside. The
passage was 2.70 m. long and 0.95 m. wide; it was cut down into the rock, the sides of which were
lined with brick walls 0.90 m. high, supporting a vault about 1.45 m. high (it was curious that
the ring-courses of the vault were sloped against the outer wall instead of against the rock face),
and at its end were the brick jambs of the door leading into the tomb proper.

170 BUHEN

To>)ib J 75. Irt the tomb were found the scattered remains of thirty-eight bodies; remains of wooden

coffins; a wooden head-rest (Khartuxii) and part of another, 10681; cyHndrical wood kohlbox,
with incised ornament, length 0.13 m., 10658; part of wooden kohlstick; a leaden bowl, diameter
0.145 m., 10336 ; a bronze mirror, plain, (Khartum) ; two plain bronze rings; five ivory ear-rings,
10380, 10385-6-7-8; a plain square ivory plaque and ring; a steatite weight, 10682; alabaster
kohlpot, shape G, height 0.088 m., another, shape D, both much decayed; two plaster raasks,
one painted bright yellow, 104 19, PI. 61 , 10420; scarabs, 10 140, 10141 , PI. 58; two blue glaze rings
10138-g, PL 55; some blue glaze and yellow ring beads; pottery, S vii rough red clay,
height 0.30 m.; S xxii seven examples of plain muddy red clay, diameters 0.12 m. to 0.13 m.;
another with red wash on inner face, unbumished; and two of mud-coloured clay with a band of
red paint round the rim; S xxx thirty-two examples; S xxxiii very rough red clay, height 0.09 m.;
S xxxvii brilliantly burnished red ware, string-hanger pattern in black, height 0.155 m. (handle
missing), 10580; another similar, height 0.13 m. (handle missing), 10582; another plain red,
height 0.125 "^-^ another red clay with white slip, and part of another of rough yellowish clay;
S xl red clay, creamy white slip (handles broken), height 0.195 ^ti-' 10583- PI- 47'- and part of a
Romano-Nubian pot, shape doubtful, red surface with narrow double black rings.

Tomb J 16.

Tomb J 16. A shallow trench grave cut under an overhanging rock, 1.20 m. by 0.50 m., and c. 0-25 m.

deep. In it a body V (some bones missing) doubled up with knees to chin, head west, lying on
the left side with face north. Round the neck was a string of plain white steatite beads, 10274.

Tomb J 17.

Tomb J ij. The superstructure was fairly well preserved; it consisted of a long outer court, 1.85 m. long

. by 1.05 m. wide, the walls only 0.20 m. thick with an opening for the entrance: this narrowed
down to a passage 1.75 m. long and 0.70 m. wide, the vault of which had fallen in. The roof of
the tomb had collapsed and the rock above was in a condition too dangerous to allow work
to proceed much beyond the entrance of the tomb proper. In the entrance were found an
alabaster kohlpot, shape D, height 0.048 m., and a lid of alabaster; pottery, S xvi red clay,
height 0.315 m., 10584, PI. 46; S xxvii brown clay, diameter o.iom.; and a fragment of black
handmade potter)'.

Tomb J 18.

Tomb I 18 ^° trace of any superstructure. In the grave were bones from at least nineteen bodies; a

fragment of a wooden comb; a bronze needle, 10337; an alabaster kohlpot, shape D, height
0-05 m.; another of steatite of the same shape, height 0.07 m., and fragments of another; scarabs
(including Menkheperre) 10142-4-5-6, PI. 58, amulet 10143, PI. 55; pottery, S vii red clay,
haematite wash, height 0.25 m., 10590, and another similar; S x red clay, haematite wash, height
0.29 m., 10586, another, height 0.20 m., 10587, another similar, height 0.29 m., and fragments of
two others; S xx rough red clay, height 0.275 m., 10589, PI. 47; S xxii red clay, inner face
burnished, diameter 0.155 "i-- fragment of another, red clay, creamy white slip inside and along
outer rim; S xxxiii creamy white slip, spiral band in sepia, height 0.115 i^-> 10592; another, drab
clay, height 0.09 m., 10591; another, red clay, height 0.06 m., 10588.

Tomb J 19.

Tomb J ig. No trace of any superstructure. In the grave were found bones from one body; a porcupine

quill; Romano-Nubian pot F xxxii rough red ware.

CEMETERY J. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 171

Tomb J 20.

No trace of any superstructure. In the grave were found bones frorn at least seventeen Tomb J 20.
bodies; parts of a painted wooden sarcophagus; a painted stucco mask, 10421, and another;
fragments of inscribed papyrus; potterv', S xx fragments; S xxii two of rough red clay and two
of mud-coloured clay; S xxiii red clay, haematite wash on inner face, diameter 0.18 m.; S xxxvi
creamy white slip with string-hanger pattern, height 0.135 m., 10594; S xli buff surface, bands
of brown and black varnish, height o.io m., 10593, PI. 48.

Tomb J 21.

No trace of any superstructure. In the grave were found bones from about thirty bodies; Tomb J 21.
a bronze needle; two alabaster kohlpots, shape D, with their lids; fragments of a painted
plaster mask; scarabs, 10147-8-9, PI. 58; a few beads steatite and blue glaze, lotus-petal pendant
and fly pendant; pottery, S v reddish clay, haematite wash, height 0.24 m., 10596; S xx
coarse red clay; S xxii brownish clay, haematite wash on inner face, diameter 0.235 m., another,
mud-coloured clay with band of red paint round the rim, diameter 0.145 m., and another, rough red
clay, diameter o.oSm.; S Ivii black with punctured zig-zag, handle and neck gone and edges
ground down, 10595, PI. 49.

Tomb J 22.

Of the superstructure there remained the greater part of the passage approach; one of the Tomb J 22.
outer jambs had disappeared and there was no trace of an outer court-yard. The passage had
a mud floor, it was 4.60 m. long and narrowed down from 1.20 m. to 0.90 m.; the walls were
c. 0.80 ra. high and the doorway into the tomb proper was i.io m. high, so that the vault
must have been a little higher than this.

In the grave were found bones from some twenty-three bodies; an iron chisel, blade and
handle-ring, 0.25 m. long, 10338, PI. 63; an alabaster kohlpot, shape F, height 0.04 m.; pottery
S viii, reddish clay, haematite wash, height 0.21 m., 10597; S xxii red clay, haematite wash,
diameter 0.19m.; S xxx rough ware; and a Romano-Nubian pot F xxxii red clay, height 0.16 m.

Tomb J 23.

Surface burial under the shelter of a rock immediately over the doorway of J 24. Body 9 Tomb J 2j.
extended on the back, head west. Round the wrist a string of plain white steatite ring beads.

Tomb J 24.

No trace of any suj)erstructure. In the grave were found bones from at least twenty-six Tomb J 24.
bodies; an obsidian kohlpot and lid, height 0.034 m., 10300, PI. 66; alabaster kohlpot, shape F,
height 0.082 m.; a fragment of a hand cut in ivory; fragments of two painted and gilt masks;
pottery, S xxii mud-coloured clay with band of red paint round the rim.

Tomb J 25.

No trace of any superstructure; a small grave with all the top broken away. In it bones 9 , Tomb J 25.
in confusion.

172

BUHEN

Tomb J 36. Tomb J 26.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. The shaft was 5.70 m. deep with chambers
1.50 m. high at its south end.

In the shaft were broken bones; fragments of wood from one or more coffins or biers;

^^ a few fragments of ivory from an inlaid box; thirteen scarabs, viz.,

^^ Nos. 10150-10154, 10157, 10159, 10163, all in PI. 58; 10162, PI. 59;

■ I 10164, 10165, 10168, 10169; small plaques 10161, PI. 58; 10167; amulet,

^^^^1 "'"^_^^ 10155, PI. 55; beads, 10275. Pottery, S xxxv plain, height 0.13 m.,

^^^^^ A ? S Hi, 10598, height 0.045 ^^■' diameter 0.08 m.; straight-sided vase,

^■^^^ MB^ ■ 0.1 1 m. high (with a collar), of the haeraatitic finely burnished

\c\ ware ; fragments of S ix rough red ware ; of S xvi rough red ware ; of

1 1 XX to xxi; of S xxii haematitic burnished; of S xxii mud-coloured

'^^ with red rim; of S xxiii haematitic burnished; and of S xxx. Also

the upper part of a funnel-shaped jar of very large dimensions,

0.37 m. in diameter at top, handmade and hearth-baked. Chambers A, B, D were empty. In

chamber C were three scarabs, ioi56,Pl. 58; ioi6o,Pl. 58; 10170; two small camelian amulets

in form of hawk and of baboon ; one small green glaze amulet in form of baboon ; a very large

green glaze and some small green glaze discoid beads; some carnelian spheroid beads. Pottery,

S xvi two; S XX to xxi, six or more broken; S xxii haematitic burnished and fragments of two

more; S xxx; S xxxii two, heights 0.12 m. and 0.22 m., string-hanger pattern; S xxxv, height

0.1 1 m., haematitic burnished.

In chamber C was also found the half of a rough stela.

Tomb J 27.

Tomb J 2j. Dromos-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Length of droraos 2.80 m., depth at door of

ntomb 1.40 m. Single chamber at west end i.om. high. On the top of the rubbish
filling the tomb were bones and heads scattered in confusion belonging to at least
nine persons of whom six were c? , two 9 and one a child. With them were the
Romano-Nubian pots, 10600 F xix and 10602 F xxxii. On the ground-level of the
tomb all over the surface were bones in confusion, of which two were <f, one 9 ,
and two not adult, besides odd bones of several more. Apart from pottery the
only objects were an ivor}' button and half an ivory ear-ring. Pottery, the upper
Scale, i.iso. portion of a black burnished vase with incised panels, 10601, PI. 49; S Ivi
undecorated, faced with a greyish slip; fragments of S xxii or S xxiii; and a small rough bowl
burned black.

Tomb J 28.

lomb J 281 Dromos-tomb

No traces of superstructure. Length of dromos 2.80 m. Single chamber
at west end i.o m. high. In the chamber were odd bones of an adult and of an

n infant. To the latter probably belonged the diminutive alabaster kohlpots. In
the rubbish above the floor level were found two ivory wands, one of which had
the usual pattern of small concentric circles: a number of discoid beads of
steatite and camelian and small nasturtium-seed beads of green glaze; a very
small scarab of green glaze, 10171 ; a very small scarab of green felspar covered
with gold leaf, 10172; pots, S Iv, viz., three vases, 10603, PI. 48and 10604, A, B,
in the form of a bird with fledglings riding on each wing in rough red ware;
fragments of S xx or xxi and of three large rough jars.

Scale, 1 : 250.

CEMETERY J. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 173

Tomb J 29.

Dromos-tomb. No traces of superstnicture. Total length of dromos 3.30 m., divided into Tomb J 29.
two parts, of which the eastern is 2.10 m. long by 1.08 m. wide and the western is 1.20 m. long
by 0.70 m. wide. The two parts are separated by a stone threshold 0.20 m. wide.
Either here or at the door of the tomb itself the passage may have been closed by
the stone door-slab 0.95 m. high by 0.65 m. wide, which was found turned back
against the side of the dromos. Depth of dromos at division i.iom. Single chamber
at west end i.o m. high. In the dromos were odd bones of several persons and a
skull which looked like 6^. In centre of chamber, lying from north to south with
head facing east, was a disturbed body of which the legs had been removed. A chip
of the pelvis which remained and the character of the skull suggested that the sex
■was 9 . Save for a fragment of a plain red pottery bowl there were no objects except the
plaster mask which lay on the face. This was the finest specimen of its class which was found.
It was less than Hfe-size and the eyes were painted in blue-black and white and the chin-
strap blue with black spots. The rest of the mask was overlaid with gold leaf which
had partly fallen away. The wig, which followed the contour of the skull, was made of
plaster very thinly spread over cloth which had decayed ; it had been painted blue with zigzag
markings in red. There were slight traces of a pectoral of painted plaster over the chest. The
photograph on PI. 60 shows the mask lying in place in the grave. It was so fragile that our
efforts to remove it failed.

Tomb J 30.

Dromos-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Length of dromos 2.40 m. Chamber at west Tomb J jo.
end 1. 10 m. high, very irregularly cut and divided into two parts by a slight projection of un worked
stone. The western of these divisions contained a partially disturbed body 9 lying
east and west with head at west. Beneath the body was a wooden trav two
centimetres thick. Behind its head was a group of six pots, viz., S xxx (five) ; S xxxv
in haematitic burnished ware.

Under these pots were some bones in confusion and a skull. With them were
an alabaster vase .095 m. high, type H, and a steatite bowl, diameter o.iom.
(Kharttlm), incised on the margin with the words " District scribe of Elephantine
Pnoufer." Also a bowl S xxix in rough red ware.

At the point of division between the two sections of the chamber and probablv

. . . . Scale, 1: 2$o.

belonging to the eastern was a group consisting of S xxx three; S xxxix in rough red

ware; (three), S xxxvi in rose-red ware covered with a grey slip, 10606, and another similar; a

blue fayence saucer with designs in black, 10294, PI. 53; a blue favence vase undecorated, 10293,

PI- 53-

On the top of the pot S xxxix was lying a small plaster mask, 10422, and on the floor were
remains of two wooden masks which had been painted and gilded.

In the eastern section of the chamber were remains of several bodies all in confusion,
representing not less than six persons, of whom one was d^ two 9 . In the upper rubbish above
these were a copper needle, 10339; two copper spiral ear-rings, 10340; five scarabs, 10173 (not
illustrated), 10174, 10175, PI. 58, 10176, 10177, PI. 59; two small camelian amulets; a set of
green, red, silvered, and gilded glass beads (Romano-Nubian). Potter}-, S xxx eleven broken;
S xxiii mud-coloured, red-rimmed.

On the floor of the eastern section were pots S xxx four; S xxiii; S xxxvi two, one of
which painted like H 10; S xxxviii, 10605, PI. 47, of haematitic burnished ware painted iu
blue-black; S xliv, 10607. Pl. 48, of flesh-coloured ware painted in blue-black,

174

BUHEN

Tomb J jl

Tomb J 31.

Dromos-tomb. No traces of superstTucture. Length of dromos 2.30 m. Chamber
at west end i.iom. high. Contained only some scattered bones, three skulls, fragments
of rough red bowls and a few small green glaze beads.

Tcmib J 32.

Scale, l: 250.

Tomb J 32.

Dromos-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Length of dromos 2.80 m.
Chamber at west end 1.20 m. high with a brick threshold 0.30 m. wide. Contained
a disturbed body c? lying east and west, head west. Under the head were fragments
of plaster, no doubt from a mask. In the upper rubbish were a hemispherical bowl
of rough red ware and the vase S xlviii, 10608, PI. 48, of red ware painted with
blue-black bands.

Tomb J 33.

Tomb J 33. Dromos-tomb. No traces of superstructure. The tomb itself consists of three chambers,

of which the two western, C, D, are on a level 0.20 m. higher than A, while the largechamber A

Sis reached by a step of 0.40 m. down from the dromos. A was found full of sand
to about half its height, that is to say to .70 m., from the floor. Lying scattered
on the top of the sand and in it were a number of bones and seven skulls, of
which six were adult and one adolescent. To judge from the fragments of pelves
three of the bodies were d^ and three 9 . With them were fragments of large
water-jars of rough red ware (probably S ix) and fragments of drab ware; also
fragments of plaster masks; a glazed steatite scarab, 10178, PI. 59; an uninscribed
amethyst scarab, 10179; a discoid carnelian bead; half a large cowrie shell.

In chamber C there were seven skulls with a number of bones; in chamber D
,. , a number of bones without skulls. The contents of both chambers together

^cale. 1 : 230. , . ^

represent seven or more persons, of whom three were plainly d^ and two 9 , while
one was only half grown. There were no objects of any kind with them.

The dromos of this tomb had been used, after the tomb itself had been plundered, to contain
a secondary burial which we found lying undisturbed. It is evident that these circumstances
allow us to give a positive temtinus post qucni for the date of the objects found with the secondary'
burial. They must be later than the interment in the tomb-chambers, which both from the
character of the series in which it occurs and from the few objects found in it may safely be
assigned to the Eighteenth Dynasty. The point is of great importance, as the exact dating of
the very rare and fine pottery might otherwise have been uncertain. The locus classicus for
such specimens is "Diospolis Parva," pp. 47-8 and PI. .xxxviii. Prof. Petrie in that publication
ascribed them to a period between the Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties and hitherto there
has been no evidence for extending their range so late as the Eighteenth. But it is now clear
that they occur in the Eighteenth Dynasty, if not a little later, and the finding of them at
Buhen suggests that they are a definitely Nubian product.

The dromos, which ran as usual east and west, was 2.80 m. long; of which 1.30 m. at the east
end was occupied by five shallow steps leading down from the desert surface to a depth of 1.20 m.
Thirty or forty centimetres below the desert surface, on previously accumulated sand which
blocked the entrance of A, lay an undisturbed body in contracted position, knees drawn up and
hands in front of the neck ; the head was at the east end facing north. Extended along the north

CEMETERY J. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

175

side of the human body was the skeleton of a sniall horned animal, goat or gazelle. The position Tomb J 33.

of the other objects can be seen from the lower photograph in PI. 5 1 . A bronze dagger with ivory

handle 0.48 m.long, 1 0341, PI. 51, top, was lying exactly in the natural position which it would have

occupied if attached to a belt, but of a belt there were no traces. Some of the cloth of the original

scabbard was, however, still adhering to the bronze blade, and near by were some broken strips

of shell Uke the shell beads figured in " Diospolis Parva," PI. 40. Two ivory amulets o.ii m.

long, with butts of electrum, 10347 A, 10347 B, PI. 51, top, were lying at the neck, their butts

being just at the wrists of the upturned arms. These amulets are evidently rude images of flies.

The pottery, 10609-10616, PI. 52, stood in a row at the southeast corner behind the head, the

four goblets, Nos. 10609-10612, one inside the other; just east of these No. 10616, then

No. 10613 standing inside No. 10614, and most easterly of all the bowl, 10615. Underneath

the body at several places, viz., at the elbow joint and below the head, could be seen remains

of sticks four centimetres in diameter, as if from a bier. At the neck was a string of tiny green

glaze discoid beads, too few and too small to form a necklace in the proper sense. For

cataloguing purposes the dromos is numbered as J n B.

Tomb J 34.

Dromos-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Length of dromos 2.50 m. A single
chamber at west. No contents except some fragments of a wooden bier, fragments
of rough pottery, five skulls and the incomplete skeletal remains of four 'S' , two '^ and
one non-adult.

Scale.

Tomb ] 34.

Tomb J 35.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Shaft 2.0 m. deep. Single chamber at west Tomb J 3^.
0.80 m. high. On the top layer within the chamber were a number of scattered bones and
skulls together with several Romano-Nubian pots, viz., F v, three; F xix, two;
F .xx.xii, three; F xxxv, one; Romano- Nubian beads of red, and blue, gilded, and
silvered glass (KhartiJm); and a lead bowl, no doubt of the same Romano-Nubian
date. With these in the same layer were, however, also several Eighteenth Dynasty
pots, viz., S XX and S .xxii or S xxiii.

Under this layer and only a few centimetres above the floor were two or three
bones, small but adult, probably 9 ; two well-known Eighteenth Dynasty pots S xlv,
10618, and another. PI. 48, heights 0.12 m. and 0.23 m., and a black pot of the same
style as S xvii but flat-bottomed, incised with a pattern of one row of vertical lines at rim and
four rows at the middle, height 0.13 m. Also two glaze scarabs, 10 180, 10180 B, PI. 59; five
carnelian ear-rings, 10389-10393 and four small carnelian pendants.

Scale, i: 2^o-

Tomb J 36.

Dromos-grave. No traces of superstructure. Dromos 3.0 m. long. Single chamber
at west of same width as dromos, 0.70 m., height i.iom. Contained only a broken
skull and a few bones ::? ; a rough red bowl ; fragment of a rough red pot and a set
of discoid steatite beads, 10277 A.

Seal*.
t:2So.

Tomb J 36.

176

BUHEN

Tomb J 3j.

Scale,
i: 230.

Tomb J 37.

A tomb precisely like the last, the dromos 2.0 m. long and the chamber of same width,
0.60 m., as the dromos. Contained a few bones. Pot S Ivii in haematitic burnished ware,
10619, PI- 49; ^ silver torque (Khartum) similar to that shown in PI. 65; beads 10279,
and some small discoid steatite and green glaze.

Scale, 1:230,

Tomb J jS. Tomb J 38.

Shaft-tomb. Four chambers at north and two at south. Depth of shaft 3.0 m. In the
shaft were fragments of a large water- jar of rough ware, and half a bowl of haematitic burnished

ware. In chamber A were three skulls and the bones of one c?
and one V , in B a broken skull and bones 9 , in C a skull and bones
V , no objects.

In D were two disturbed skeletons, one being cJ" and one

immature; a green glaze cylinder, 10182, PI. 59, inscribed with the

name Amenemhat; a green glaze scarab with decorative design,

loiSi, PI. 59; a few small green glaze ball beads; small unglazed

steatite ring beads; one large and one small carnelian ring bead;

four large and two small green glaze ring beads; alabaster kohlpot type PI. 67 D; fragments

of a painted plaster mask. Pottery, a vase of black ware with punctured designs 10617,

PI. 49; fragment of another vase of similar shape but red instead of black; fragments of a

large ring-stand, of rough red jars, of a bowl roughly washed with haematite, and of black

handmade ware deeply fluted.

In the southern chamber there were two coffin-pits each 0.70 m. deep, but no coffins
remained, only eight skulls and the confused bones of several persons. With them, broken
into several pieces, was a stela (Khartum) and pottery S xvi two, S xxii two, S xxvi in red ware
with white rim and fragments of another in mud-coloured ware with red rim, fragments of a
large ring-stand 0.20 m. high in rough ware, fragments of a pottery table in rough ware and of a
dish of handmade haematitic burnished ware very thick.

Tomb J 3Q. Tomb J 39.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Six chambers at south, one at north, the latter
being divided into two coffin pits. Doors from shaft into chambers well cut with strong reveals.

On jambs and lintel of chamber B were painted red lines but no
inscriptions.

In the shaft were found a blue glaze ushabti; a blue glaze
scarab, 10189, PI. 59; pottery S viii of rough red ware, S xi of
rough red ware, S xxii haematitic inside, S xxiii of rough ware,
S xxiii of mud-coloured ware two.

No bones were found in D, E, F, but in F were the glaze

scarab, 10183, with name of Menkheperre, PI. 59; the glaze

plaque, 10184, with name Aahkheperre, ioi84,Pl. 59; the glaze

scarabs, 10185. 10187, 10188, 10190, all in PI. 59; glaze figure of

Bes two centimetres high, two small glaze figures of other gods, 10232, 10233, PI- 55'. ^ broken

carnelian figure of Ptah carved in the round, 10234, PI. 55 ; a bronze mirror and its wooden handle

(Khart<im) ; beads, 10280, 10281; two haematite kohlsticks; four carnelian ear-rings, 10394-7; a

bone draughtsman.

Scale,

CEMETERY J. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

177

In chamber C were a number of broken bones representing at least six persons ; fragments Tomb J jg.
of an alabaster vase with ring- handles, an alabaster kohlpot, fragments of an ivory palette;
pottery S iv in rough red ware, S xvi two, S xx four, S xxi one, S xxviii in rough red ware one,
fragments of S v (?) and of S vi (?),

Tomb J 40.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Depth of
shaft 3.60 m. A large chamber with five irregular recesses
at the south; a smaller chamber divided into two cofRn-pits
on north. No contents except a few broken bones, two or
three sherds of rough pottery, half of a diminutive black-
topped haematitic bowl, three green glaze ball beads, three
small camelian ring beads, four discoid unglazed steatite
beads and a small green glaze fly amulet.

Tomb J 40.

Scale, 1: 2S0.

Tomb J 41.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Shaft 4.0 m. deep. At south a large chamber Tomb J 41.
in the sides of which were cut three irregular recesses, at north
a chamber divided into two coffin-pits.

In the shaft were found a rough pot of type similar to
that shown in PL 38, No. 11, but more elongated in neck and
in body, S xv in rough red ware, S x.xxi, fragments of S xx and
of a bottle-shaped red haematitic vase painted with concentric
lines in blue-black.

No bones were found at all and the only object in the
southern chambers was a small glaze scarab, 101S6, PI. 59.
From the eastern side of chamber A came two glaze scarabs,
viz., loigi, 10192, PI. 59; an alabaster kohlpot with steatite lid;
beads, 10685; two bowls of rough red ware; the complete vase,

1062 1, PI. 49, in black ware with punctured designs; and parts of three other vases of the
same class, 10622, 10622 B, 10623, PI. 49.

Scale, I: 250.

Tomb J 42.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Depth of shaft 4.0 m.
with two smaller chambers leading out of it; at south two chambers.

In shaft were S xxiii red ware with white rim, S lii rough
red ware two ; fragments of S xxiii mud-coloured ware with
red rim, of S xx and of large rough red jars.

Of the southern chambers E was quite empty. D con-
tained two skulls and some fragments of bones ; plaster mask,
10424, PI. 61; glaze scarabs, 10194, 10195, PI. 59; fluted gold
ring, 12 millimetres high and 25 to 35 millimetres in diameter,
10354, PI. 60; small alabaster kohlpot; lid of large alabaster
kohlpot; fragments of small serpentine kohlpot; fragments
of bronze razor. Pottery, S x.xiii rough red, three; S xxiii
mud colour, one; S xxx including broken specimens, about
twelve; fragments of S ix, of S xv, of S xx and of two rough
red pottery tables, of S liii and of a large bowl in similar finely burnished ware.

At north a large chamber Tomb J 42.

Scale, i: 250.

178

BUHEN

Tomh J 42. Of the northern chambers C was quite empty, B contained only a small blue marble kohlpot.

In A there were three broken skulls and a few broken bones; damaged plaster mask, 10423 ; glaze
scarab, 10193, PI. 59; part of a bronze razor; bronze mirror, 10342; small alabaster kohlpot;
small steatite kohlpot ; chip of a fayence dish. Pottery, S xv, two ; S xxii in haematitic burnished
ware, S xxiii mud-coloured with red rim ; S xxiii shallower in rough red ware and fragments of two
more; S xxx, si.x;; S liii, S .x.xxiv; fragments of large jars of rough red and of drab ware.

Tomh f^4j. Tomb J 43.

A staircase tomb. No traces of superstructure. Nine stairs, irregular but averaging .30 m.

wide, lead down to a depth of 2.90 m. below the ground. On west is the large chamber A, i .40 m.

^^^ high, the floor of which rises in a gradual slope to the floor of the smaller chamber

^^ % B, also 1.40 m. high, which is only 1.50 m. below the ground surface. Chamber B

m^ ^^^^^ was empty. In chamber A were two skulls, one immature, with part of a third

wT M and the bones of one Ci^ , one 9 and a child. On the floor level were a small glaze

% ■ figure of a god and a glaze lotus amulet, 10235, PI. 55; glaze plaque with uraeus

■ I ^'^ relief on one side, 10196, PI. 59. A little above the floor were an ivory ear-

1 I ring and the small blue glass beads, 10282.

I I Half way down the rubbish in chamber A were Romano- Nubian objects, viz.,

^^p yM a plain bronze bowl, 10342 B, measuring 0.115 by 0.08 m. and the pots F i,
three specimens, ringed; F v, ringed; F vii 10625, PI. 69; F vii 10627, PI- 69;
and another similar; F xix, haematitic surface.

In the approach half way down the staircase were three more Romano-Nubian
pots, viz., F viii, F .x.x.xv, and a new type shaped like a cottage loaf with a
wide low-rimmed mouth.

All the pottery except Nos. 10625, 10627 is in Khartum.

Tomh J 4-/. Tomb J 44.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Depth of shaft 3.80 m. At north one chamber
with a coffin-pit; at south a very large chamber out of which were cut five irregular recesses,
No skeletal remains. In the northern chamber G were found a Romano-
Nubian tumbler F i, fragments of a vase of Tell-el-Yahudieh type in red
ware with punctured triangles, S xxii in red ware slightly haematited,
fragments of large jars in rough red and in drab ware.

In chamber A were glaze scarab, 10197, PI. 59, with name Neb-maat-re;

fragments making a fayence bowl, 10295, PI- S3' ^ dozen small carnelian

ring beads, and three or four light and dark green glass ring beads.

Pottery, S xxx ten ; S xx ; fragments of a large water- jar in drab ware and of a bowl of rough ware.

Also three Romano-Nubian pots (Khartum), viz., F i, ringed; F xxi, rough; F 1, rough plain.

Scale, 1: 2jo.

dZ{f=^

Scale.

Tomh J 45. ^^■■■^■^■^ Tomb J 45.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Depth of shaft 2.80 m. Single
chamber at west. No skeletal remains except a few fragments of bone in the
shaft and in the chamber.

In the shaft were pots S -xv two in rough ware, S .x.x three, fragments of
S X or S xi. In the doorway of the chamber close to the ground level were
two glaze scarabs, 10199, 10200, PI. 59; fragments of a fayence kohlpot, 10702;
thirteen glaze draughtsmen, 10686-10699; a bronze finger-ring, 10198, PI. 65,
inscribed with "Amon" formula; a bronze mirror complete with bronze handle
inform of lotus, total length 0.160 m. (Khartum) ; bronze cutting-out knives, 10343, and another

Scale, i: 2?o.

CEMETERY J. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

179

similar at Khartum; bronze razors, 10344, 10345, 10346; small double-tubular wooden kohlpot. Tomb J 45.
10699; alabaster kohlpot without lid; seven carnelian ear-rings; beads a few small, of carnelian,
steatite and glaze. Pots S xxiii two in mud-coloured ware with red rim.

Tomb J 46.

Shaft-tomb. No traces of superstructure. Shaft 2.80 m. deep. One
large chamber at west, three chambers at east.

In the shaft were two broken skulls and a few broken bones ; two glazed
figures of gods, 10238, carnelian ear-ring, two carnelian pendants, two carnelian
poppy-seed beads. Pottery, S xv three; S xx five; S Ixi four; fragments of a
large water-jar in drab ware, of S xxiii in mud-coloured ware with red rim,
of a shallower dish in rough ware, and of black-topped haematitic red goblets,
10630.

In chamber A were the glaze scarab, 10201, PI. 59; a small alabaster
kohlpot, two clay draughtsmen.

In chamber D the glaze amulets, 10236, 10237, 10238, a carnelian amulet,
two carnelian poppy-seed beads, some small red fayence beads and a small
black pottery curtain-reever 10704.

Tomb J 46.

Scale, i:2so.

Tomb J 47.

Trench-tomb. No traces of superstructure. The tomb was only 1.20 m. deep
throughout. A rudimentary dromos 1.70 m. long was closed at its western end by a
screen wall of brick 0.35 m. thick, 1.20 m. beyond which is another similar screen wall
shutting off the tomb proper. In the tomb itself were a plaster mask, 10425; the glaze
scarab, 10202, PI. 59; and a red haematitic bowl. With these objects, but scattered in
the rubbish, were some bones of 9 , bones of S' and the calvaria of a skull of markedly
Neanderthal characteristics.

Tomb J 4j.

CHAPTER XII

INSCRIPTIONS FROM CEMETERIES H AND J

The number of iunevary stelas found in the graves at Buhen was very small.
In part this may be due to the plundering which had taken place in ancient times,
but a more comprehensive explanation is suggested by the character of the figures
and inscriptions on the few examples which were brought to light. The material
is an inferior sandstone very ill suited for fine carving, the execution of the scenes is
extremely citide, and the language and style of the dedications are barbarous to
the verge of illiteracy. We may suppose therefore that few of the colonists in this
frontier town had the time or taste for higher education, and that the writing of
epitaphs was a task only undertaken for individuals of unusual tastes or ambitions.
All the] stelffi from cemeteries H and J were sent to the museum at Khartum;
and the translations of them, which are given in this chapter, were made by
Mr. A. M. Blackman from photographs and squeezes.

H. I. A series of scenes in three registers surmounted by four damaged
horizontal lines of inscription.

The inscription, of which the first line has perished, is as follows:

Hi. -.-^ ^^iiiiiini li| '4. ooo^=> X ^ : ' ' ^^ o ,,,

" . . . . [a funeral meal of bread,] beer, flesh, foiel, tncensc ointment,
everything [good and pure] on which the great god lives, for the ka of the inspector of
the kings table (?) .... [Khcper] ka [re] didiu, son of the representative Aam,
born of the lady of the house Nehuy, triumphant, repeating life. '

Below this, in the first register, are shown Kheperkare-didiu and his wife Bebi

J I 1 1 n J) seated on chairs face to face and smelling lotus-fiowers. They are attended
by four female servants, of whom one named Wahsumert T 1 1 y "^^^^ J)

180

INSCRIPTIONS FROM CEMETERIES 181

stands between them, while the other three are behind the chair of the lady, whose
hair is being dressed as she sits. A diminutive male figure stands beneath the great
man's chair, and a diminutive female figure in a coiresponding place behind his
wife's chair.

Beneath this scene is the second register, containing four pairs of men and
women (fronting to the left) with a fifth man leading them; each of the four men
holds the woman in front of him by the hand.

In the third register a series of seven women is followed by a series of five men,
all fronting to the left.

The names of the attendants and of the persons in the two lower registers are
so barbarously wxitten as to be tmintelligible.

H. 6. At the top are two large Uzat-eyes. Beside the left eye is written stela from

~^-^ ' ■ ' ,^^, I <=z=> ^ " ^^^^ scribe of [f] Rennefer. ' '

Beneath the eyes are four horizontal lines of inscription which read

'■ M' 2 ^ ? J ^ n E f T-«kfl"'" ::: ° - 1 ^- W

^--u-ms-i-^m^um*

"An offering which the king gives! Osiris lord of Bnsiris, good god, lord of
Abydos; an offering which the king gives! Geb, may he grant a funeral meal of bread,
beer, flesh, fowl, incense, ointment, thread, cloth, everything good and pure on which
[the god] lives, what heaven gives, earth creates, [the Nile] brings, for the ka of the
prince Ahniose, son of Ptahsuah "

In a vertical line down the right side of the stela is written :

"^" ■ ^>STP'^2iPI^[7,J . . . . "^^''■' ^''"^^^ Ahmose, son of

Ptahsuah."

On the left side had been a corresponding line which has perished. Beneath
the horizontal inscription is a scene showing the prince Ahmose seated, fronting
to the left, and smelling a lotus-flower which he holds in his right hand. Behind
him stand two women, one of whom is described as his daughter. In front of him
stands another woman almost entirely defaced, behind whom is a tiny female (?)
figure of which only the head remains with some signs above it.

H31

182 BUHEN

Stela from H, 24. This is Only a fragment containing parts of three lines, viz:

-* '-'SeniSkJS "- ^?EM^ '■ "4^

" . . . . great god, lord of Abydos, in [every] place .... a funeral
meal of bread, beer, flesh, fowl, thread, cloth, provisions, .... wind [of the
north] .
Stela from H. 31. At the top were three horizontal lines of inscription of which only the

broken ends remain, and these are in such a condition that they are impossible
to read. Beneath them are scenes arranged in three registers.

In the top register the deceased and his wife are depicted seated on chairs,
fronting to the right, with an offering table iDcfore them. His name, which is just

legible, is given as '^ "^i-v. p J -zz:^ %^°^ " The judge, attached to Nekhen,

Sebekemsaf. ' '

He smells a lotus-flower which he holds in his left hand while his wife lays her
left hand on his shoulder. Before them stands a girl offering a jug (?) in her right
hand, and behind the girl stands a man with his hands beside him. The man's

name ( ?) is written as P ^ i -^ ^ '^,

In the second register is shown a row of eight figttres, viz: four daughters
followed by four sons, all fronting to the right. Only the names of the first and

the third daughter can be read. They are respectively J "^^^ _p Beku and J J (j

Bebi.

In the third register at the right end is a man whose name is illegible, with a
yoke on his shoulders from which are suspended two vessels. Behind him is a
man whose name is apparently Homekht; and immediately behind this latter
person are fotu- horizontal lines of inscription which read as follows:

ilV'i---- *■■'>■.•■ ■

" That which the judge said, he ivho is attached to Nekhen, Sebekemsaf,
" I am a prince, cool of (?) [f] . . . . "

* The top of J in the origmal is Hke that of T, i. e., is a combination of both signs
and reads i b. This form is probably to be read in 1. i of 'an unmarked stela', where the
tops of I and %^^ are destroyed.

INSCRIPTIONS FROM CEMETERIES 183

J. 12. At the top is a winged disc covering two large Uzat-eyes behind each Stela from
of which is a seated jackal.

Beneath the eyes is a scene showing the deceased seated in a chair with his
wife behind him, both fronting to the right. He smells a lotus-flower which he
holds in his left hand, while in his right hand he has an ankh-symbol. The woman
also holds an aiikli in her right hand. Towards the pair advances a man with a
yoke on his shoulders from which are suspended two vessels.

Beneath the scene are two horizontal lines of inscription :

" An offering which the king gives! Osiris lord of Busiris, great god; Horns
lord of Buhen; may they grant a funeral meal of bread, beer, flesh, fowl and everything,
for the ka of Horn (?)

These are the only surviving lines of what was probably a much longer text.
Between the two Uzat-eyes is also a single vertical line of illegible
inscription.

J. 14. Seven horizontal lines of inscription, viz: stela from

J 14.

(sic)

" An offering which the king gives! Osiris, great god, lord of Abydos; Ptah who
is south of his wall, lord of Ankhtawy; Hortis lord of Buhen; may they grant a ftmeral
meal of bread, beer, flesh, and fowl, everything \on which the god lives\ for the ka of the
judge, attached to Nekhen, Aam, repeating life. His wife, the lady of the house, whom
he loves, Penheka {?). His son, great one of the Tens of the South, Nebsumemi. . . .
Ptahemsaf. His son Ptahpeh (f)-"

184 BUHEN

^" A stela of which the sjave number has been lost in transit bears an inscription

unmarked ^

Stela. ill seven lines as follows;

"^n offering which the king gives! Osiris, great god, lord of Abydos; ....
Ptah south of his wall, lord of Ankhtawy; may they grant a funeral meal of bread,
beer, flesh, fowl, and every good thing whereon the great god lives, for the ka of the
inspector (?) of the king's table, Itefu-renpu {?). His wife, the kings [?] Sat. [f].
His daughter, Sebekur. His daughter [?] (Made) by his brother who makes his name
live, the judge attached to Nekhen, Anketsa, repeating life. His son Sebekdidiu.
His son Itef."

CHAPTER XIII

THE TWELFTH DYNASTY CEMETERY
The XII"" Dynasty graves were situated in a quite unexpected part of the site. Position of

the CettiBtCT^

We had been prepared to find them somewhere on the plateau near the New
Empire cemeteries or else further back in the western hills. But, when all this
space had been explored without result, it seemed as though the burials of the
Middle Empire colonists must have been wholly obliterated by their successors,
who reoccupied the site and who erected new buildings upon the ruins of the earlier
houses and temples. This theory, however, proved to be unfounded, for on
digging between the inner city and the New Empire fortifications we found several
rows of graves hewn in the rock-edge of the plateau just outside the western
girdle- wall of the older settlement (see Plan G). The newly found cemetery
was christened K; but by an unavoidable accident the same letter had been
already given to seven graves, K i-K 7, which do not belong to it. The Tombs^
XII"' Dynasty graves K 8-K 45 are all included, as Plan G shows, within the
circuit of the outer fortifications, but K i-K 7 lie outside at the southeastern
comer of the J cemetery. This is because the letter and nvmibers were assigned
to K I-K 7 before any digging had been done inside the walls, and at a time
when it seemed as if these graves formed a separate group distant enough from
J to deserve a separate name. Eventually it was seen that in regard to position
they could quite reasonably be regarded as an outlying corner of J, and though
it is of course possible that they may have been originally constructed at an
earlier period yet the scarabs and other datable objects in them were all of the
New Empire. For the sake of convenience and to avoid risk of confusion the
nomenclature K i-K 7 has been retained, and the seven graves have been
included with the K series in the Description of Tombs and in the Catalogue of
Objects; but it must be remembered that they do not properly form part of the
K cemetery, which except for them is quite homogeneous in date and character.

For the dating of K 8-K 45 the primary evidence of the written word is Evidence for
slight; but the secondary evidence, based on the character of the pottery and
other objects, is fairly strong and is corroborated by other arguments. Only two
inscribed objects were found which bore known and recognizable names. These
were the gold-ring with scarab-bezel in K 8 and the small glaze bead in K 13, both

(185)

186 BUHEN

Evidence for of which were inscribed Maat-en-re, the official name of King Amenemhat 3'''*.
No inscriptions and no scarabs were found of any New Empire king, nor was there
a single piece of pottery of any of the well-known New Empire types ; facts which
are sufficient to convince any excavator of experience that the cemetery cannot
belong to that date. On the other hand, the pottery and alabasters are perfectly
consistent as a whole with the Xir*" Dynasty types, while some of the very
commonest jars and bowls are not known to occur at any later time. The
homogeneity of character, both in the construction of the graves and in their
contents, is a strong argument in favour of the whole series being contemporary
with K 8. And finally the position of the cemetery is in itself evidence of no
small weight, for while it is quite usual to bury just outside the walls of a city
it would be very exceptional in Egypt to bury zviihin them; so that it is only
reasonable to ascribe graves lying between the earlier and later walls to the
inhabitants of the earlier colony.

Type of The construction and plan of the XIF'' Dynasty graves were no doubt

Conslruclion. j j o

determined partly by the nature of the ground in which they were made. We
have already seen that in the New Empire two distinct styles were employed,
according as the grave-makers were dealing with level plateau or with precipitous
hillside. In the one case they sunk vertical shafts, and in the other they built
horizontal passages, to give entrance to the series of chambers in which they laid
their dead. At Buhen the place selected by the Middle Empire colonists for their
cemetery was a very low rock-face, like the rock-face below Gebel Turob in which
were J 27-37 the dromos tombs of the XVIIF*" Dynasty (cf. pp. 130, 172-175).
As the face was not high enough to allow of a direct horizontal approach such
as could be used on an actual hillside like Gebel Turob itself (cf. J 15 on PL 44),
it was necessary to give the dromos a downward slant to obtain sufficient vertical
height for the entrance door and burial chambers. The passage therefore was
begun on the natural ground level several metres outside, and was carried down
by a series of steps to a depth which varied according to circumstances from a
metre and three quarters to three or four metres. This characteristic is illustrated
by the photographs on Pll. 70, 76, 78, 79, and by the sections of K 24, 27, 37
shown below (pp. 188-190).

Tomb K 8.

Tomb K 8. The general arrangement of the subterranean chambers may be illustrated

by the typical case of K 8, which is shown in the annexed cut. The door at the
end of the dromos (PI. 70) gave entrance to a large hall, lettered A, 1.60 m.

THE TWELFTH DYNASTY CEMETERY

187

high. Round A were alcoves or side-chambers, which in this particular case Tomb R 8

were distributed with a certain degree of symmetry but more commonly

followed no sort of system or alignment. There

was no rule except convenience for their number

or position. In K 8 the chambers were all on a

uniform ground-level and the roofs were all at

the same height, but in other cases there was

often a step up or down from one chamber to

another and the roofs were sometimes higher or

lower {cj. K lo in PI. 75). Few graves were found

intact, so that it is difficult to state how many

persons they were intended to accommodate; but

in several cases, of which K 8 is one, a whole

alcove was occupied by a single burial, though in others {ee. g., K 10, K 12,

K 24) a number of persons presumably paupers were crowded side by side.

Wooden coffins were often but not perhaps invariably used. The walls of the

chambers were cut out of the soft sandstone with a sharp pointed instrument,

whether of stone or of metal it would be impossible to say.

There was no brickwork of any kind in the subterranean chambers, but
even in the first tombs of the series remains of brick were noticed against the
side- walls of the dromos and on the desert-surface above the tomb.

Ground-flan of K 8. Scale, / ; 200.

Tomb K 12.

K 12 was the first case in which the
remains were sufficiently complete to show
that the dromos had originally been covered
with a barrel vault of brickwork, and that
a quadrangular brick chapel had also been
built over the tomb. Superstructure and
substructure were evidently quite independent
of one another, the bi^ick chapel being in
direct continuation of the axial line of the
dromos but not conterminous with the dromos
or with any of the subterranean chambers.
The appearance of the ruined vault and chapel
can be appreciated from the photograph of K 1 2 in PI. 76, while the annexed
cut shows the relative positions of superstructure and substructure in the same

Tovib K 12.

Superstructure tinj substructure of K 12. Scale. I : 200.

188

BUHEN

Tomb K 12- tomb. The underground parts are outlined in solid black while the dromos and
chapel are shown in plain outline. It will be seen that the chapel, of which
several courses were preserved, covered the doorway and part of the principal
chamber, but that its walls did not coincide with the divisions of any of the five
chambers. The dotted lines on each side of the dromos indicate the ruined
side-walls which had supported the vault. The actual roof was not preserved in
K 12 but can be studied in the examples shown on PL 77.

In a group of tombs isolated at the north end of the cemetery, and little
disturbed by ancient plunderers probably because they were known to contain
no objects of value, the superstructures were remarkably well preserved. They
are illustrated in PL 77, where two kinds can be distinguished, viz. large graves like
the standard type which has just been described, and small surface tombs resembling
those made by the modem Mohammedans. A good example of the larger is
K 25 on PL 78; verj' similar to it was K 24 which appears in the group on
PL 7 7 and is shown in the accompanying plan and section.

"^^^^^^

Tomb K 24.

Tomb K 24. The roof of K 24 had sunk or perhaps been broken through, but when the

fallen bricks had been removed the springing of the vault was plainly visible, and it

could be seen that the system was exactly that
of all the Nubian barrel-roofs both ancient and
modem. The rise of the vault could not be
measured, but was perhaps something like one
metre from the springing to the apex. There
was no chapel, but the whole superstructure
formed a single block, which covered the dromos
and the door leading from it into the burial-
chambers but did not extend further. In the
cut a is the west wall of the superstructure,
b-c the remains of the vaulting bricks, d the
doorway by which the dromos itself was entered
from the outer air, e the sealing of rough bricks which closed this doorway. The
character of doorway and of sealing can be understood from the photograph of
the neighbouring tomb K 25 in PL 78. On the right in the same picture may
be seen the northeast comer of K 24 with the peculiar brick offering-stand in
front of it.

Section and ground-plan of K 24. Scale, I : 200.

THE TWELFTH DYNASTY CEMETERY

189

Tomb K 25.

K 25 differed from K 24 in two respects. The superstructure extended at the Tomb k 25.
west end two metres beyond the end of the dromos, and thus overlapped the space
above the burial chambers. It may be compared in this
respect with K 1 2 ; though it should be noticed that in K 2 5
the chapel, if chapel it should be called, was not distinct from
the dromos but formed an unbroken and continuous line with
it (see PI. 78). The second peculiar feature is the brick court
in front of the tomb, which may well have existed in many
cases but had not survived in any except this and K 38 (see
PL 81). In the cut which illustrates the superstructure of
K 25 the staircase-pit is lettered d, the brick sealing of the
doorway c, the side-walls of the vault a and b; a low ledge on
the east side of the dromos is marked e and indicated by
hatching. The brick walls a and b were not, as the cross-
section shows, flush with the sides of the rock-hewn staircase
but half a metre away. In this respect the several tombs vary,
for in K 12 and K 26 the brick side-walls rose vertically from
each edge of the pit, while in K 24 the southern wall was flush with the pit but
the northern was not.

*i?i

Plan and section of tite dromos
of K 3$. Scale, i : 200.

■/.

Tomb K 27.

K 26, which appears on the right side of the lower photograph in PI. 77, Tomb k 27.
was less perfect than K 24 but seemed to resemble it in every respect. K
however, was a new type, as shown in the annexed cut, with

chambers descending one below the other. It is the only /j^^^p^^^^ _^^^^
instance of the kind in the cemetery. Over the doorway 4i^ '^ „,r^sj5?^'''^'^'^'
leading from the dromos into the first chamber was the
inscribed stela still in position; this was the only case in
which it was found, though in K 1 1 there was an empty
niche over the door which had evidently been intended for
the purpose.

At the southern end of the cemetery were several very
large tombs of which the superstructures were partly

preserved. K 2,2, and K 35, which are shown in the photographs on PL 79, were
of the same type as those which have just been described; and so was K 36, which
is not illustrated. In K 33, however, there was one new feature which occurred
again in K 37 ; namely, that the pit was divided into two parts by a brick barrier.

Section and ground-plan of Ksy,
Scale, I : 200.

190

BUHEN

Tomb K 27. In this case moreover there was a stone portculHs on the top of the barrier; and
the portculHs rested on a stone pavement, which may perhaps have been carried
as a flooring over the whole length of the dromos so as to form a chamber over the
pit itself (see PL 79).

Tomb K 37.
Tomb K37- K 37 was the most elaborate and perfectly preserved of all the large tombs in

the cemetery. The photographs on PL 80 and the plan and section given in the

accompanying cut will explain its construc-
tion. The superstructure covered only the
dromos and ended above the door of the
first chamber. Just behind its rear wall,
however, a thin curved wall was con-
structed, no doubt to keep off the drifting
sand. This wall is marked in the cut as a,
while the west wall of the vault is b, the
line of springing of the vault is c, and the
doorway by which the dromos was entered
on the east is e. It will be observed that
there is a sort of vestibule of brick extend-
ing for two metres in front of this door.
The staircase-pit was divided into two
halves by a brick barrier, lettered d in the
cut, which is plainly visible in the photographs.

At the west end of K 37 are five brick pillars, three on the south and two
on the north, which appear in the upper photograph on PL 80. No less than
ten of these pillars surrounded tomb K 39 and are shown, lettered P i to P 10,
in PIL 81 and 82. They are not plain like the brick offering-stand referred to
in the account of K 24 but have a square recess in the middle of the front, with
a triangular niche beneath. One of them had also a basin in mud plaster below
the niche. They must evidently have been intended for the reception of offerings,
food and drink, brought by the worshippers and relatives of the deceased when
they periodically visited his tomb.
Tomb K 38. K 38 (see PL 81) is interesting as showing the remains of an outer court.

The angle of wall standing at the southeast corner of the dromos suggests that
there may also have been an inner enclosure closely surrounding the tomb. This
feature should be compared with the incomplete walls of the "chapel" in K 12
(see p. 187), which may perhaps have continued originally round the entire dromos

Section and ground-plan of K 37. Scale, i : 200.

Pillars beside
K 37 and.
K39-

THE TWELFTH DYNASTY CEMETERY 191

though it looked rather as if they had returned at right angles half way Tomb K 38.
along it.

One more type of large tomb, quite unlike the others, is represented by a single Tomb K 44.
example in the whole cemetery. This is K 44, which is illustrated by two
photographs on PI. 84 and one on PI. 83. It had no dromos or shaft, but was a
plain rectangular chamber five metres long, built of brick inside a pit which
was excavated partly out of rubbish partly out of alluvial deposit. The pit had
been vaulted over its whole length, and was originally entered from the east by
an arched doorway, which was sealed after use with roughly piled bricks in the
usual manner.

Tomb K 19.

The small surface tombs referred to on p. 188 are illustrated on PH. 77, Small Surface
81, 82. Those in the northern group K 19-K 23 are rather simpler and
poorer than the southern examples K 39-K 43 but of the same
general type. Each contained only a single body, which in several
cases, but not always, was that of an infant. Virtually no objects
were buried in these graves, which were evidently regarded as
comparatively unimportant. The body was laid in a narrow trench,
over which was erected a low brick structure of one metre or a little
less in height and flat-topped. The roof was supported by bricks
sloped against one another in imitation of the vaulting used in
larger constructions, but real arching was not employed as the '^'^«*'-*"-' «
space to be covered was too small to need it. The cut of K 19 '^s7c"i^'oi''K7s>! i
shows a typical ground plan and section. This grave contained ^o ■. ' •• ^oo- .j
the body of an adult extended at full length with the head at the west end.
Similarly K 22 and K 23 contained each the body of an adult, but K 20, 21a,
216 were the graves of children. The triangular niches on the east face are like
the niches on the offering-pillars and were no doubt used in the same way.

K 39, K 40, K 41 are well shown in the photographs on Pll. 81, 82; K 42 Tombs
was of the same kind but much ruined.

These are better built, and K 39 has a small square window on its eastern
face above the niche. The form of tomb recalls that of the coffins which so often
figure in Egyptian pictures and also resembles that of modem Mohammedan
tombs in various parts of the country.

The only other class of burial to be recorded from the cemetery is that of
the infants who were sometimes put under large pots against the sides of
larger tombs.

CHAPTER XIV

CONTENTS OF THE TWELFTH DYNASTY TOMBS
Plundering With very few exceptions the graves in cemetery K had been rifled in ancient

in Ancient

Days. days. Those that had been deliberately left intact were, as usually happens,

the burials of paupers; and it is evident that the tomb-robbers knew very well
which graves contained valuable objects and which were not worth plundering.
In three cases, however, K 8, K 32, K 44, a fortunate accident had baulked the
impious thieves. The thin layer of sandstone which formed the roof was so weak
that it had collapsed, covering the bodies and the various precious objects buried
beside them with a mass of heavy debris which could not be removed without
much labour. When we broke up the stones, therefore, and removed them,
the complete tomb-equipment was lying untouched exactly as it was first placed
there four thousand years ago.

Jewellery in The One chamber in K 8 which was unplundered contained veritable treasure,

K 8

the complete set of jewellery which is figured in the frontispiece of the voliune.
The tomb itself is illustrated on Pll. 70 and 71, while the contents of
this unplundered chamber are shown on PL 74 lying exactly as they were found.
Round the neck of the man, to whom perhaps it had been given as a reward of
merit by the king, was the great necklace of gold and amethyst one metre long,
and a string of plain gold beads; on each of his arms was a gold bracelet; and
on a finger of his left hand the gold ring with its scarab-bezel inscribed with the
name of Maat-en-re. On the left shoulder, where it had perhaps fallen from
its original position on the chest, rested a glazed steatite plaque inscribed on
both sides with the title of the king. (See for descriptions, pp. 200, 201 and
Cat. 10753-10758.)

A few feet away in an adjoining chamber was the incomplete string of gold
amulets in the shape of Hathor-heads and of gold hawks, which is also figured
in the frontispiece. It must remain uncertain whether it originally belonged
to the same burial as the rest of the jewellery or whether, as seems more likely,
it was the only salvage from another treasure near it (Cat. 10752).

Close to these last was lying the steatite statuette which is figured in
Pll. 72, 73. It is inscribed very simply with a dedication to Ptah and the name

(192)

CONTENTS OF THE TWELFTH DYNASTY TOMBS 193

of "the gardener Merer, bom of the lady of the house Neferu." It is tempting to J^wHUry in
suppose that the statuette represented the very person whose jewellery we found;
but there can be no certainty on the point, and it must be admitted to be at
least equally probable that it originally stood in one of the other chambers.
However this may be, it is certainly interesting to note that a simple retainer,
apparently without any special titles or rank, was buried in a division of so fine
a tomb which must have belonged, we should suppose, to one of the principal
families of Buhen.

Little less gorgeous than the jewellery of K 8 were the necklaces and bracelets Jewellery in
found in K 32 and illustrated on PL 87. These, however, formed the eqioipment
of several persons. The gold and amethyst necklace 10821, which resembles
that of K 8 but is shorter and much less perfect in colour, was with the necklace
of plain gold beads 10820 and two bracelets of plain gold beads 10822 and 10823
on one body. On another was the necklace of plain gold beads 10819; while
the fragment of a three string bracelet 10824 was fotmd with a third body, that
of an infant. All these were in the principal chamber of the tomb. The other
bracelet of gold beads 10825 was on one of four bodies buried together in a
side-chamber. (See for description, pp. 210, 211 and Catalogue.)*

In another side-chamber of K 32 was the most interesting archaeological The^Earliest
specimen discovered in the entire excavations. This is an iron spearhead implement.
which, if we are right in our dating of these tombs, is the eariiest iron
implement known in the history of the world. It is now on exhibition in the
University Museum, Philadelphia (Cat. 10829) and is figured on PI. 88. It
measures 0.305 m. in total length by 0.08 m. maximimi width, is quite perfect and
a very fine example of primitive smithwork such as might have been produced
by the natives of Central Africa at any time up to the present day. The full
account of its discovery is given in the description of the tomb on p. 2 1 1 . It is
evident that as the entire tomb was intact, and the skeleton with which the spear
was found lay actually in the furthest chamber of all, behind a whole group of
bodies which were also undisturbed, the spear does not belong to any reburial
but must be contemporary with the tomb. The only question can be whether
the tomb itself is as ancient as we have suggested. In the last chapter we have
given ovs general reasons for ascribing the entire cemetery to the XII"" Dynasty,
and K 32 is as thoroughly typical a tomb as any in the whole series. The detailed
description of its contents in Chapter XV when compared with the detailed

• The whole of the jewellery of K 8 and K 32, which had been exhibited for more than a year in a case in
the University Museum of Philadelphia, was stolen from the museum in March 191 1 and has not been recovered at
the date when this goes to press.

194

BUHEN

The Earliest

Iron

Implement.

Contents 0}
K45.

Wealth and
Culture of
Buhen.

Absence oj
Records.

descriptions of other tombs in the same chapter, especially with that of K 8 which
is indisputably XIF'' Dynasty, should be sufficient to convince the reader.

It has long been suggested that iron- working originated not in Asia Minor,
but in Central Africa, and this discovery goes far towards establishing the
truth of that theory. On PI. 86 is shown a photograph of the skeleton lying in
position with the spear beside its skull. With it was a bronze mirror 10830.

The third tomb, K 45, also contained gold objects, namely, two strings of
beads and several amulets 10898 b, PI. 89. Of less intrinsic value but very
interesting were beads and small amulets of camelian and of glaze 10898 a. A
silver torque the ends of which were moulded in the form of snake heads 10896,
PI. 91, is the third example of elaborate silver-work found at Buhen (c/. p. 136)
and suggests that this metal could be more easily obtained there than in most
Egyptian towns. The obsidian kohlpot bound in gold 10897, PI- 9^1 is a very
precious object for, though obsidian is found in Egyptian graves of every date,
it was always a rare and valuable material probably imported from a distant
source in the Mediterranean. The substance is brittle and hard, so that it taxed
the abilities of the carver to the utmost, and the fine cutting of this little vase
makes it a gem of art. In the same tomb were also found part of a very fine
bronze bowl 10883, PI- 96> two bronze mirrors 10884 and 10893, ^ bronze axe-head
10885, PI- 91 - several small alabaster vases, a carved ivory amulet 10874, PI. 89,
and a number of Tell-el-Yahudieh vases which will be discussed in the section
on pottery.

The equipment of these tombs which are only an insignificant fraction of
the whole cemetery, suggests that there was much wealth and luxury among
the inhabitants of what might at first sight have been considered an unimportant
frontier town. It is evident that the colonists of remote Buhen were fully as
civilized and art-loving as their countrjonen who dwelt nearer to the chief
centres of Egyptian culture. Their jewellery and ornaments, their weapons and
implements, are not inferior to any of the same period which have been found
in the northern and central districts of Egypt. Of the quahty of their sculpture
we can judge from the statuette of Merer as well as from the exquisite New
Empire figure of the scribe Amenemhat. Of architecture under the Middle
Empire no examples remain, as the temples of that period were all destroyed,
but in the XVIII"' Dynasty Hatshepsut's building was a monument of
unsurpassed beauty and excellence.

One thing only was wanting and the historian feels its loss. We shall never
know the names of the great families of Buhen, nor the achievements of any

CONTENTS OF THE TWELFTH DYNASTY TOMBS 195

notable men who lived and died there, because, though there were scribes in d*^^"5* "^
plenty, there was no one who had the art or knowledge to compose and execute
biographical inscriptions. Only three inscribed stelae were found among all
the graves of the XH"' Dynasty. One of these was too weatherworn to be legible
(K 27), another was a rough scrawl without any name (10997), ^iid the third
(K 26), contains only four lines of dedication with the mere name of the deceased
and of his mother. And yet there must have been important persons, though
perhaps few in number, who lived here from the very foundation of the city.
The shrine of Horus was widely reverenced and the priests who served it would
have enjoyed high honour; the strategical value of the fortress at the entrance
of the cataract made indispensable a military commander of rank and ability;
and tombs so elaborate as those which we have described must have belonged
to men of wealth and perhaps of noble family. But they have left no records
and we can only infer some little about their lives from the chance salvage of
these three tombs. Little has survived from the wreckage of the others; the
scarabs are figured on PI. 89, the stone vessels on PI. 90; only the pottery demands
detailed notice.

If we compare the pottery of cemetery K as illustrated on PH. 93-95 with Pottery.
that of H and J as illustrated on PH. 45-50, some notable differences are
apparent. The poverty of the K series and its small range of types are very
striking. There are few classes of ware and still fewer forms of outline. Apart
from the Tell-el-Yahudieh vases which are common to both periods, there are
no handled vessels except Type viii in any of the K graves, the characteristic
XVni"' Dynasty shapes S xxxi to S xl are entirely absent, there are no painted
jugs, no Mycenaean biigelkannen, no pilgrim-bottles.

It is less easy to pick out examples which are peculiar to the K period than
to demonstrate its poverty in ceramics. The group on PI. 93 is the most typical
that could be selected. The ware is the common rough red -brown, common
in all periods from the pre-dynastic to the XII"' Dynasty and occurring in the
New Empire, but much less frequent then as it was widely replaced at that
time by a smoother fabric. The wheel was in general use among the Egyptian
though not among the Nubian potters, and it is to be observed that even the
rough pottery of Buhen is wheel-made. The large coarse bowls of Type ii,
often ornamented with a string-pattern made by tying palm cords on the wet
clay, were not found in H and J and may be regarded as distinctively Middle
Empire. Type iii also seems to occur only in K. Type i, which was very frequent
in K, was found only once or twice in H and J. On PI. 95 Type xxx is a form

196 BUHEN

Pottery. well known in the early Middle Empire and not apparently found after the
XII"' Dynasty; it is of rough red-brown ware. These are the most distinctly
characteristic of the K forms, though it must be noted that Type xxx is rare.
The very common XVIII*'' Dynasty shapes S xx, S xxi, S xxx are entirely
absent from K. A few kinds of jars and bowls are common to both periods.

The fabrics, as has been said, are few. The commonest is the simple rough
red-brown ware without any wash or slip. Almost equally frequent is the same
ware slightly washed with haematite. A less common variety of this has a strong
haematitic slip. The fine hard white ware represented by Type viii (No. 10772 b)
is very rare. Cre cf the incerse-bumers of Type v (10775) has a slight white
slip. Type ix is cf tlcck-tcpped haematitic ware, the only example of this
fabric found in lie K cemetery and interesting as showing that the native
Nubian pottery was ccccsicr.ally used.*

The censers of Type iv and Type v should be noticed, as similar pottery
stands have often been described, probably quite correctly, as "tables." These
particular specimens show the marks of fire very plainly. Type vi looks like
the earliest example of a candlestick, but it is not known that the Egyptians
ever used candles.

On PI. 92 are figured nine vases of Tell-el-Yahudieh type, six of which came
from the single tomb K 45. This ware has been discussed on p. 133, and several
XII"' Dynasty examples have been figtu-ed on PI. 49. It is found in all three
cemeteries. The specimens on PI. 92 are of especial interest, as only two of them,
10869, 10876, are of the usual black puncttu-ed ware. No. 10889 is of plain black
ware, undecorated. Nos. 10864, 10871, 10887, 10890 are of finely burnished
haematitic red ware; 10877 is of discoloiU"ed white ware; 10886 is of rose pink
ware, decorated with painted lines.

* We have corrected on pp. 215, 216 the erroneous statement made on p. 134 that black-topped pottery was
found in other K tombs besides this. The error, due to an ambiguous use of a technical term in writing field notes,
was discovered too late to expunge the passage from the text.

CHAPTER XV

CEMETERY K. DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

Note. — .4// tomb plans are drawn so that the north {as reckoned by the course of the river) is on the right
hand side.

The tombs K 1-7 were only included in the account of the K cemetery by accident because
they were the first to be discovered in that part of the site. Topographically they lay closer to
the K than to the J series. As the work progressed, however, it became evident that they
formed a small isolated group which lay, unlike the tombs K 8-45, outside instead of inside the
outer fortifications of the town. In date they were also distinct from the proper K series which
was XII*'^ Dynasty, since in four out of the five graves which contained any objects the scarabs
and pottery were indisputably New Empire. Only in the case of K 7 could there be any reasonable
doubt to which period the tomb belonged. The scarabs from them are all figured together on
PI. 96.

Tomb K I.

K I was a staircase tomb, resembling the XIl"^ Dynasty series in construction but also Tomb K i.
resembling various tombs of the New Empire which like it had been cut in the face of a slope
{cf. p. 130). Four steps led down to a level of 1.80 m. below the ground.
From the dromos a door cut in the rock led to the principal chamber A, off
which had been made two side-chambers B and C on the north and two
more D, E on the west.

The tomb had been plundered anciently and no bones remained. The
few pots were XVIIl"' Dynasty. In chamber A were two of S xxxv, one
being plain and one painted, 107 12 b, with concentric bands; also fragments
of a third; a small TeU-el-Yahudieh vase, 107 13, PI. 49; a large water-jar in
rough red ware. In the dromos were fragments of a large water-jar in rough
red ware ; fragments of a large deep basin in rough red pottery ; two rough
bowls, diameter 0.17 m.; a burnished haematitic bowl, diameter 0.16 m.;
one of S x.\x. scaic, 1 .- 250.

In chamber A were also found a carnelian bead; an alabaster kohlpot;
a blue marble kohlpot; a plain quartz scarab, 10711; a small green glaze scarab, 107 12.

Tomb K 2.

K 2 was a staircase tomb. The dromos descended with seven steps to
1.30 m. below the ground. In the doorway another step of o.ijm. depth led
down to the principal chamber A which was 1.40 m. high. At 0.60 m. from
the western wall of A was a single line of bricks, perhaps intended to outline the
place of a coffin. The side-chamber B was i.om. high. The tomb had been
rifled anciently and was quite empty.

(197)

Scale, I : 250.

Tomb K 2.

198

BUHEN

Scale.

Tomb K 3.

Tomb K3. K 3 was a staircase tomb. The dromos descended with six steps to 1.70 m. below the ground.

A step of 0.30 m. more in the doorway led down to the floor of A which was 1.60 m. high. Of the
other chambers B and C were i.iom. high. D was 1.30m. high, E was
1.20 m., F was 1.30 m. high.

The tomb had been plundered anciently and there were no bones left.
In the middle of the north side of A were found an ivory figure of Bes,
0.035 m. high, stained green, 10714; a scarab with name Menkheperre,
107 1 5, PL 96; a green glaze amulet, 10716; camelian and green glaze
pendants, 107 17. In the filling of the same chamber were three S xx or
xxi; three S xxx; a small vase, 107 19, like S xxxiv; one of S xxxvi with
string-hanger pattern ; fragments of a drab water-jar perhaps S vi ; four bowls
of rough ware, diameter 0.14 m. to 0.21 m.; a burnished haematitic bowl,
diameter 0.25 m.

In C were no objects. In the filling of B was a pot S xx or xxi.
In D were a pot S xx or xxi, a bowl of red-brown ware, a number of
ring-shaped beads of shell and blue glass, 107 18, and two small pieces of
bronze bands.

In the dromos were pots S \'iii ; S xx or xxi ; and part of a rough pot shaped like a cooking pot
with two handles.

Tomb K 4.

Tomb K 4. K 4 was a staircase tomb of insignificant dimensions. The dromos descended with three steps

to a depth of only 0.80 m. There was only one chamber, 0.80 m. high, the roof of which had caved

in. On the north side of this lay a skeleton extended at full length with its head at

the west end. By its right foot was a bronze razor of the type of 103 13 without a

handle, and by its left foot was a pot S xxx.

In the timibled rubbish of the south side were a skull and one or two bones; a

scarab of Nebmare, 10721, PI. g6; a scarab with ornamental design, 10722, PI. 96;

the small ivory plaque engraved with a gazelle, 10723, PI. 96; the bead, 10724; the

scaraboid, 10725, PI. 96; and a number of discoid green glaze beads. Also four pots;

one of S xxxiv, viz., 10720; one of S xxxv white-faced with concentric bands at neck,
0.12 m. high; two of S xxxvi, of which one 0.09 m. high had string-hanger design, the other
o.io m. high was plain drab.

Tomb K 5.

Tomb K J. K 5 was approached by a short dromos which descended only 0.60 m. below the ground and

had no steps. There were two chambers of which A, the western, was plain without any details,

but the eastern consisted of two coffin-pits B and C 1.50 m. deep divided by a ledge

of which the top was flush with the floor of A. The only remains in A, which was

0.80 m. high, were five skulls and two or three bones, with some discoid shell beads

one or two blue glass beads and small green glaze amulets 10740, and a small alabaster

kohlpot. In the doorway between the two chambers were a number of blue glaze

ball-beads 10739, and some blue glass green glaze and camelian beads 10741. The

I j coffin-pit C was empty and only a single object, viz. the scarab 10737 PL 96, was

' — ' found in it.

As a result of the plundering a number of bones, six skulls and a quantity of

pots were scattered between the top floor level (coincident with the floor level of A) and

the roof above B and C. The pots were two of S vii; one of S xii; one of S xiv; three of S xvi;

Scale, I : 250.

Scale,

CEMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

199

three of S xx or xxi; seven of S xxx; two of S xxxii, viz., 10727 and 10728; two ring-stands, Tomb K s
one of which is 10729; another ring-stand in micaceous ware 10729 b; a jar hke S xlvi but
larger. Also two large dishes of rough ware; six bowls of red-rimmed brown ware; the base of
a pottery table or incense-burner in rough ware; and foiirteen blue glaze ball-beads 10730.

The upper photograph in PI. 70 shows the interior of the first or eastern chamber, with the
empty cofhn-pit C on the left and the opening of chamber A behind it. On the right is the coffin-
pit B with its upper interment in position. For in B on the top of the coffin-pit, that is to say, on a
level flush wnth the floor of the dromos and of A, lay a skeleton extended at full length with its
head at the west. The pots with it, some of which appear in the photograph, were 10726; one of
S xvi; one of S xxi; one of S xxx; foiu" hemispherical bowls of rough ware; and a red-rimmed bowl of
brown ware. About the place of the hips were several small objects, viz., eight camelian pendants,
1073 1 ; a blue glaze ushabti, 10732; three blue glaze pendants, 10733; two tiny green glaze amulets,
10734; a red glaze amulet, 10735. Near the head was a small green glaze scarab, 10736.

On removing this skeleton and the objects with it from the top level of B another interment
was found in the bottom of the coffin-pit. It was intact and lying extended with its head at the east.
The only objects with it were sLx common pots, such as were found in any of the New Empire
graves; and fragments of a unique vase, 10738, of splendid Aegean fabric, which were actually
underneath the skeleton. The pots were three hemispherical bowls and a saucer of rough red
ware; a bowl of red-rimmed brown ware similar in shape to S xxviii but narrow and with ring
base; parts of a large water-jar in rough red ware. The Aegean pot is described on p. 132
and figured on PI. 50. The statement on p. 132 that the coffin-pit dated from the
XIl"* Dynasty was made because the tomb being in the K series was at first regarded
as contemporary with K 8-45. It- is now evident, however, that it belongs to the
separate group K 1-7, the period of which is New Empire {cf. p. 185).

Tomb K 6.

K 6 was a staircase tomb the dromos of which descended by eight steps to a depth
of 1.80 m. below the ground. From the threshold of the door another step led into the
principal chamber A which was 1.40 m. in height. The chamber B behind this was
0.9s m. in height. The tomb was empty except for the confused bones of several
skeletons.

Tomb K 6.

Scale. 1 : 250.

Tomb K 7.

K 7, which lay some distance northwest of the last, belongs both by position and by character Tomb K 7.
rather to the J than to the K series. Being on the plateau and not against the slope it was a shaft
tomb with a vertical pit 4.50 m. deep instead of a dromos.
The principal chamber A was i.iom. high. Of the others, B
and G were i.om. in height, C and D were i.iom., E and F
were 0.90 m. in height. The objects found in the tomb with
the exception of an alabaster kohlpot and some pottery jars
all came from A. They were the scarabs 10742, 10743, io745'
10746 and the button 10744, all illustrated in PI. 96; two pairs
of bronze tweezers, 10747, 10748; a cowry shell, agate pendant
and two glaze amulets, 10749 ; three large camelian beads and a
number of small blue glaze beads, 10750; five alabaster kohlpots.

The pottery in chamber G consisted of a rose-red jar of
the form S iii, height 0.42 m. ; another similar height 0.26 m. ; a

pot similar to T xxx in rough ware ; half of a small burnished haematitic vase and two red-rimmed
bowls of brown ware. With these was a broken alabaster kohlpot, style of 10878 but narrower.

No skeletal remains of any kind were found in the tomb.

Scale,

20b BUHEN

Tomb K 8.

Tomb K8, K 8 was the first tomb that we opened in the XII'^ Dynasty cemetery and the most valuable

in the character of its contents. The principle of construction, which proved to be uniform

throughout the whole series of the larger XII'*' Dynasty tombs, was
the same that we have already noted (p. 130) in the case of a few
tombs of the XVIII*'' Dynasty. A low rock-face was selected in
which were cut chambers the roofs of which were generally a little
less than a metre below the desert surface. These chambers
averaged from a metre to a metre and a half in height and varied
considerably in dimensions. Most commonly there was one principal
room out of which smaller alcoves were cut at irregular intervals.
The entrance was by a sloping dromos, which began at the surface
of the ground two or three metres away on the eastern side and
Scaii. 1 : 250. led dowu by a series of steps to the floor level of the first chamber,

from which it was separated by a door cut in the natural rock.
The lower photograph on PI. 70 gives a good idea of the dromos and doorway of K 8, others can
be seen in PH. 76, 78, 79, 80. The dromos had originally been covered with a vault of brick, and
a brick chapel built at the west end of it above part of the tomb. Slight indications of these
superstructures were visible in K8-11; in' K 12 they had partially survived; but the complete
evidence of their character was not obtained until we found the perfectly preserved vaults in
K 19-28 and the succeeding examples.

The dromos of K 8, which was askew to the axis of the main chamber and evidently not built
until the hewing of the tomb had been completed, descended by four steps to a depth of 2.30 m.
below the surroimding desert. On the surface of the ground, at the west end of the dromos but
outside it, a series of fovu- shallow steps cut in the rock led to a small oval 0.40 m. by 0.20 m. which
was no doubt used for libations to the dead. This can be seen to the right of the door in the lower
photograph on PI. 70. After the fourth step in the dromos there was a flat space of 0.70 m., above
which the threshold of the well-cut doorway rose 0.15 m. The door was 1.45 m. high and the
chamber A to which it gave entrance 1.60 m. high, as its floor was 0.15 m. below the top of the
threshold. The roof of rock above A was only 0.70 m. thick. At various points round A no less
than five subordinate chambers, B, C, D, E, F, had been cut out, all on the same floor level as A
and of the same height.

With the exception of F all the chambers had been completely rifled in ancient days, but a
curious accident preserved the treasures of this one burial for us to find. The thin roof of rotten
sandstone had collapsed, enciunbering the room with a mass of heavy stones. The tomb-plunderers
of ancient days, who were probably almost contemporaries, no doubt worked stealthily and in
haste. They did not care to undertake the formidable task of breaking up and removing the
stones; and so it happened that crushed to fragments the skeleton of a good bourgeois of Buhen
lay with all his jewellery and decorations about him until February, 1909. The body lay extended
on its back with its head to the north, the arms only so much flexed as to allow of the hands folding
over the pelvis.

At the neck were a number of very small ring-beads of gold with two lentoids, 10753; the
precise order of these could not be recovered as they had been scattered by the falling stones, but
it was evident that they all belonged to one string. By them lay in order the amethyst beads
and gold tubes which make up a great necklace just one metre long, 10754. The lower photograph
in PI. 74 shows the beads exactly as they lay in the tomb. They were restrung one by one in the
precise original order, and the coloured reproduction in our frontispiece is a very faithful rendering
of them. The ends of the necklace with their lion-finials lay on the breast, the string having either

CEMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 201

lain over the neck or, more probably, passed round it. From the neck one side passed along the Tomb K 8.
body and under the right upper arm, and the other apparently passed under the left arm in the
same way, but the condition of the bones made this point uncertain.

On the face there had been a gilded plaster mask with painted wig of the kind often noted in
graves at Bvihen, reduced to powder. By the left shoulder was a green glazed steatite plaque,
10755, measuring 0.185 m. by 0.120 m., which had probably lain on the chest and been displaced
by the falling stones. It was inscribed on both sides with the titles of the king, who had no doubt
presented it to the wearer as a special mark of honour. This plaque is shown in the lower photograph
of PI. 74 exactly as it lay in the grave, while the upper photographs of the same plate reproduce
the two sides of the inscription.

On each of the fore-arms, high up near the elbow, was a bracelet made of two strands of gold
wire twined at the middle into a lover's knot, 10756, 10757, the diameters of which were .065 m.
and .055 m. respectively. Among the finger bones, of apparently the left hand, was a finger-ring,
10758, of gold wire with a glazed steatite scarab bound in gold as the bezel. The scarab, which
was set swivel-wise, was inscribed with the name Maat-en-re (Amenemhat 3'''^). The specimens
10753-10758 are figured in their natural colours and full size in the frontispiece to this volimie.

Against the south side of the chamber rested a pot 0.40 m. high of Type i in rough red-brown
ware with a slight haematitic facing; on the top of it was a plain mud sealing. In the rubbish
near the body were a fragment of a steatite kohl-stick, one small shell and one small blue
glaze bead.

In chamber A at the point marked # were the scattered remains of a string of gold amulets
in the form of Hathor-heads and hawks, 10752. These also are figured in the frontispiece;
where the blue thread represents only the string on which they were afterwards put for convenience.
It is probable that they belonged rather to some burial in the main chamber than to that in F.

Just at the entrance of chamber E, at the point marked in the annexed cut by an asterisk, was
lying a steatite statuette, 10751 (PL 72, 73). It is 0.28 m. in height, inscribed on the base "Royal
offering to Ptah the great, lord <of . . . > to the Ka of the gardener Merer, son of the lady
of the house Neferu." The two photographs on PL 71 show the interior of K 8 with this statuette
lying exactly as it was found. The upper photograph, which is taken looking northwards, illustrates
the principal chamber A, with B at the end and E on the right. The lower taken looking southwards,
shows A, with F at the end, D and part of C on the right, and the statuette lying just outside E
on the left. It is possible that this statuette belonged properly to chamber F and was dragged
from its original position when the tomb was plundered. In that case the wearer of the great
necklace was Merer himself. But it is quite equally possible that the statuette stood originally
in A or indeed in any of the other chambers ; so that though we have spoken as the person buried
in F as Merer for convenience of reference yet it is safer to regard him as without a name.

At the entrance of C was a glazed steatite scarab with ornamental design, 10759, Ph 89. Near
it were several small fluted green glaze discs, 10760.

In the entrance of B was a plain steatite palette, probably a scribe's palette, measuring o. 1 1 m.
by 0.07 m. ; and a fragment of bronze, 10761 , which was no doubt part of the handle of some object.

In E was a bowl of Type xvi, viz., 10762, PL 95. On the steps of the dromos were a duplicate
of 10762; a dish of Type ii, viz., 10763, PL 93; another of Type ii; a broken incense-burner or
table of pink pottery, height 0.14 m., diameter at top 0.17 m. ; part of a cover Type xv; parts of
a ring-stand of large diameter in rough red-brown ware.

Tomb K 9.

The dromos descended by five steps to a depth of 1.70 m. below the surface of the ground. Two Tomb K p.
more steps each o.io m. deep led through the doorway into A the first chamber, which was 1.50 m.

202

BUHEN

Scale. 1 : 250.

Tomb K g. high. A step down of 0.20 m. led from A to B, which was 1.70 m. high with a pillar of natural,
rock in the centre. The floor level of C was the same as that of B but its roof was 0.20 m.
lower.

The whole tomb had been plundered in ancient days and there were no
objects of any kind left in C. The principal chamber B was also empty except
that one scarab, 10764 PI. 89, was found in the dirt.

In A there remained, as shown in the upper photograph of PI. 75, the
partial remains of a skeleton with several vases of stone and pottery. It must
have lain extended at full length with its head at the west. Just west of the
place where the head had been were some fragments of TeU-el-Yahudieh vases
with punctured pattern of horizontal Vandykes, 10766, 10766 b, 10767 (see
PL 49); and three hemispherical bowls of Type xvi in red-brown ware, 10768
B, c, D. Along the shin-bones were three alabaster kohlpots, the shapes of
which can be seen from the photograph in PL 75; and the Tell-el-Yahudieh
vase, 10765, PL 49, a fine specimen 0.16 m. high. A few inches north of the
place of the head were also some very small ring-beads of green glaze and some
larger tubular beads of green glaze. In the dromos were a pot of Type xxi,
10768 (see PL 95); and an incense-burner of Type iv, 10769. Also fragments of a large dish of
Type ii.

Tomb K 10.

Tomb K 10. The dromos led down by eleven steps to the unusual depth of 3 .30 m. In front of the door into

A was a step 0.35 m. wide and 0.15 m. high, above which the threshold rose o.io m. more. From
the threshold to the floor of A was a drop of 0.30 m.; the height of the chamber
inside was 1.70 m. In the annexed cut the dotted line at the feet of skeletons
8, 9, 10 shows the point where B began. This was a chamber the floor of which
was 0.30 m. higher than the floor of A, while its roof was 0.40 m. lower. C was
on a higher level than either A or B, its floor being 0.50 m. above the former; the
height inside was 1.15 m. Remains of brick-work indicated that the dromos had
been vaulted and 0.60 m. above the doorway leading from it into A was a niche
0.95 m. high by 0.80 m. wide which looked as though intended for the reception
of a stela (c/. K 27 on p. 20S).

The tomb was principally remarkable for the large number of burials, for it
had never been plundered, doubtless because it was known to be poor. The
rough pottery was standing in its original positions, fonning two principal groups,
one at the northwest and the other at the southeast of A. The first of these
groups together with the biuials in the northwest half of B and A can be seen in
the lower photograph on PL 75. It consists of two jars of Type i and three dishes
of Type ii in rough red-brown ware. The entire list of pottery from A is 10771
(see PL 93) and eightmore of Type i; 10772 (see PL 93) and five more of Type ii; five of Type xvi;
and the Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, 10770 (see PL 49).

In the dromos were 10771 b (see PL 95); 10772 b (see PL 94); ten small saucers of rough red-
brown ware and fragments of others ; fifteen bowls of Type xvi ; an incense-burner of Type iv b in
rough red ware and fragments of others.

The positions of the skeletons are shown in the annexed cut. All were extended at full length
but the orientation was not unifonn. Thus in chamber A, while Nos. 1-7 lay with their heads
at the west. No. 1 1 and three others not drawn had their heads at the east. Of these one lay beside
No. s, one beside No. 2, and the third, a child, beside No. i. Only two out of the whole seventeen
were not adult; most of them were too broken to sex, but No. 5 was male and the body not drawn

Scale,

CEMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

203

Scale, 1 : 250.

beside it was female, No. lo was female, No. ii male, Nos. 12 and 13 were female. Some at least Tomb K 10.
had plaster masks and all were buried in wooden coffins which were much rotted. The coffins
in C had been painted blue with black lines.

Tomb K II.

K 1 1 had several unusual features. The dromos descended by nine steps to a depth of 2.70 m. Tomb K 11.
The doorwaj' into the tomb had been closed by a portcullis of finely cut sandstone 1.60 m. high
by 0.80 m. wide and o. 10 m. thick. This fitted into a groove at the bottom and
sides of the doorway and had been lowered vertically by a rope passing through
a square hole, .09 m. by .09 m., near the top of the slab; the actual line made
by the friction of the rope was visible on the rock. The doorway itself
measured 0.75 m. in width, the edges of the portcullis slab fitting for a depth
of two and a half centimetres into the slot on each side. Its threshold was
0.15 m. above the floor of the dromos and 0.30 m. above the floor of A.

The principal chamber A was 1.80 m in height with a four-sided pillar
of natural rock in the centre. On the southern side, as indicated in the
annexed cut, was a cofiin-pit, similar to the coffin-pits of which one is illustrated
in the upper photograph on PI. 70. Two steps, 0.70 m. and 0.50 m. deep,
descended from the floor of A to the floor of this pit.

The side-chamber B had also been closed by a stone portculUs exactly
like the other except that it had no rope-hole. The slab was 1.40 m. long, by
1.20 m. wide at the lower end and i.iom. wide at the top end; thus exactly
fitting the doorway, which was o.iom. narrower at the top than at the bottom. The portcullis
was cut with a reveal of 0.07 to o.oS m. on each side, to which there was a corresponding reveal in
the doorway, so that the slab fitted against it like a lid against a box, leaving the wall-face flush.
B was 1.30m. high on the inside; and C, which had no portculhs, was 1.70 m. high.

The whole tomb had been completely plundered out in ancient days, so that no object of any
kind remained except fragments of two or three bones. The portcullis-slabs had been pulled away
and leaned against the sides of the doorways to which they belonged.

Tomb K 12.

K 12 is illustrated by PI. 76, where the upper of the two photographs shows the dromos and Tomb K iz.
some remains of a superstructure that has been more fully described in chapter xiii, p. 187. The
seven steps led down to a depth of 2.0 m. below the surface; a
further descent of two steps in the doorway made the floor of A
0.40 m. lower than the bottom of the dromos.

The interior of A is illustrated by the lower photograph on
PI. 76, which shows the central pillar of natural rock and a
number of skeletons lying in confusion on the floor. These
were in such bad condition that only a few bones remained
comparatively intact. The fragments seemed to correspond to
eight skulls but there may well have been several more; there
were no traces of coffins, but two fragments of plaster suggested
that there had been masks on some of the heads.

Rooms B, C, D, E were empty of all but broken bones;
except that the cylinder-bead, 10773, and two small alabaster
kohlpots were found in C; while the incense-bumcr, 10777, was
found in B.

In A were pots of Types v, x, xvii, viz. 10775, P'- 94> 10776, PI. 95, 10778, PI. 95. Alsoasmall

Scale, I ; JJO.

204

BUHEN

Scale,

Tomb K 12. saucer of rough red-brown ware, and a ring-stand of red-brown ware washed with haematite, o 065 m.
in height by 0.115 m. in diameter. In the dromos was the pot, 10779, of Type xxv, PI. 95, and some
ring-shaped shell beads, 10774.

Tomb K 13.

Tomb K 13. The approach to K 13 was a pit rather than a dromos. It had no steps but was sunk vertically

into the ground on two levels; the eastern of which, 0.90 m. long, was 0.30 m. deep, while the

western, 1.60 m. long, was 1.60 m. deep. The entire pit had been vaulted
over.

A doorway 0.95 m. high led with a step o.iom. deep into A, which
was i.iom. high. At the west end of A was a coffin-pit 0.70 m. deep.
The northern side-chamber B was at a level of .35 m. above the floor of
A and o.Som. high. The southern side-chambers C and D were 0.35 m.
above the floor of A and i.o m. high.

In A were a number of confused and broken bones, some of adults
and some of children, representing at least four or five persons. With
them, along the southern wall of A, were a number of spheroid carnelian
beads and a carnelian pendant in form of a hawk. These may have been a single string or they
may have alternated with the spheroid amethyst haematite and felspar beads and seed-shaped
silver beads, all of which were found at the same spot; the entire set has been catalogued
together as 10780. In the same place was found 10781, a silver torque with pendants in the form
of shells.

On the north side of A was a green glaze scarab with decorative design, 10782, PI. 89. At the
west end was a small bead in the form of a cartouche inscribed Maat-en-re, 10783, and a tiny
scarab with Nefer and Ka signs, 10784. In the coffin-pit were some fragments of bones, some
large ball-fayence beads, 10785, some small discoid shell beads, a chip of worked flint and a small
alabaster kohlpot much corroded by salt.

In B were no bones, but some fine ball-camelian beads and some blue glaze beads, 10786 and
10786 B, were scattered over the ground. In C were a few bones of a man and with them a plain
blue glaze scarab, 10788. In D were a few scattered bones of a man, some smaU copper discs
about four centimetres in diameter and large discoid green glaze beads, 10787.

The potterj^ was all in A and consisted of one of Type xx\'ii, viz., 10789, PI. 95 ; a bowl of Type
xvi in red-brown ware, 10790; and two shallow bowls, 10791, 10792, of red-brown ware.

Tomb K 14.

Tomb K 15.

Scale, I : 250,

K 14 was exceptional in having no dromos, but a plain shaft 3.0 m.
deep which had been vaulted over with brick. The eastern chamber E was
at the level of the bottom of the pit; but A, B, C, D were all one metre
higher. The roofs of A, B, D were too much broken to show the exact
height of the chambers inside, but it must have been very nearly the same
as the height of C, that is 0.90 m. A, B, C were completely empty except
for a few sherds of pottery. In D, among the rubbish filling the chamber,
were the scarab 10793, PI- §9; ^ plain green jasper scarab, 10794; two green
glaze cylinder beads; two small discoid camehan beads; and an alabaster
kohlpot with steatite lid. In E were only some scattered bones of a woman.

Tomb K 15.

K 15 was a shaft tomb entirely empty except for two fine camehan
buttons with bronze shanks, 10795.

CEMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

205

Scale, t : 250.

Tomb K 16.

K 16 was a dromos-tomb of the regiilar XII'*^ Dynasty character, four steps leading down Tomb K i6.
to a depth of 2.50 m. and giving entrance to a large chamber A, off which opened six smaller
chambers, two on each side. The tomb had been plundered out anciently
and re-used for Romano-Nubian burials. The only XII'*' Dynasty remains
were a pot of Type x%'iii. viz., 10795 b PI. 95; two amethyst beads; three
small blue glaze beads; and a fragment of gold foil.

In the dromos were one or two sherds of Romano-Nubian pottery with
a pattern of black wreath on a red ground. In A were seven bodies
extended at full length on the top of the rubbish which belonged to the
earlier interment. Three of these lay with their heads at the west, one
with its head at the east, two with their heads at the south and one with
its head at the north. With them were eleven pots of well-known Romano-
Nubian types, two hemispherical baskets and one oval, a bronze cup and a
lead bowl. In the largest basket were a pair of iron tweezers and a rough
flint knife, in the smaller round basket were two cylindrical toUet-boxes of
wicker and wood. Also in the rubbish of this chamber was a broken bronze ring, engraved.

In D were two Romano-Nubian burials. One of the skeletons was in the contracted position
lying on its left side with knees drawn up to the chest, the other was extended at full length and
had traces of a wooden coffin round it.

The Romano-Nubian pottery, which was all sent to Khartum, consisted of two plain unpainted
amphorae of F xxi; another of F xxi plain with four handles; two of F xxxii plain; F 1, F lii, F liii
all plain; one long distiller vase plain; two bottles of F \dii, one of which was black incised with
a leaf pattern and Vandykes, the other was red with three black bands.

Tomb K 17.

A roughly cut staircase two metres long led down to a depth of 2.0 m. below the ground. Tomb K 17.
The door was 1.25 m. high and a step 0.70 m. deep led through it to the floor of A.
Another step 0.20 m. deep marked the passage from A to B. The height of A was
1.70 m., that of B was 1.20 m.

In the dromos were nine bowls of Type xvi in brown ware (two of which are
catalogued as 10796 b, c); half of a pottery ring-stand, 10796 d; and a camelian
ear-ring. In A there were two undisturbed skeletons lying with their heads at the
west, No. I being female and No. 2 male, no objects with them.

In B there were four skeletons and some bones of a fifth. No. 3 was male;
Nos. 4, s, 6 were female. No. 3 lay with its head at the west; Nos. 4, 5, 6 with their
heads at the north. With the bones of the partial skeleton were a bronze mirror
0.09m. by o.iom. diameter; and a bronze tube 0.08m. long which had no doubt
been part of its handle. At the head of No. 4 was a plain blue fayence bowl, height 0.06 m.,
diameter 0.08 m.; and a small pear-shaped alabaster kohlpot. The only pot was a large dish of
Type ii. In both chambers there were fragments of wooden coffins and of plaster
masks. In the rubbish was the slate saucer 10796.

Scale,

Tomb K 18.

K 18 was a very simple tomb. The dromos had no steps and ran horizontal to
the surface of the surrounding ground ; but as the slope in which the tomb had been
hewn was here quite steep there was sufficient height for it without any descent. The
bottom of the door was 1.90 m. below the ground, the door was i.iom. high and the
thickness of the natural rock roof of the chamber consequently 0.80 m. There were
traces still visible of the brick vault which had covered the dromos.

Tomb K 18.

Scale, 1 : 230,

206

BUHEN

Tomb K iS. The tomb had been entirely plundered out and the only objects found were in the rubbish

of the dromos. These were a small kohlpot of blue marble; a scarab, 10797, PI- 89; beads,
10798, of blue glaze, of shell, and of haematite.

Tomb K 19

to
Tomb K 28.

Tomb K 24,

Tomb K 19-K 28.

K 19-K 28 constituted a group of ten tombs which stood a little isolated from the others
between the northern temple and the outer fortifications (c/. Plan G). The superstructures were
remarkably well preserved, as can be seen from the photographs on PI. 77 which were taken before
they had been partially destroyed by the process of excavation. Nos. 24-28 were large tombs
of the same general type that has been recorded for K 8-18, with several underground chambers
approached by a slanting dromos which led down by steps from the surface of the ground outside.
Their great interest consists in the fact that the vaulting which covered the dromos and the side-
waUs which supported this vaulting had survived intact. These features have been described
in chapter xiii which deals with the construction of the whole XII'*^ Dynasty series
as seen in Buhen. Nos. 19-23 were small tombs of insignificant character, mere shallow trenches
cut in the rock, but covered with rough vaults of brick. In appearance they resembled K 39-K 43
which are described below on p. 214 and figured on Pll. 81, 82.

In K 19 was biuied an adult skeleton at full length lying east and west with head at west.
In 20, 21^, 21**, were buried three children, one in each. In 22 was an adult at full length lying
east and west with head at west. None of these were accompanied by any objects. In 23 was
a youthful body lying in the same position, at its neck a necklace of small green glaze beads, 10799.
Between K 19 and K 20, not shown in the plan but just visible in the upper photograph of PI. 77,
was another grave of the same kind containing a male skeleton buried at full length with head at
west, unaccompanied by any objects.

Tomb K 24.

When the roofing bricks of the vault which covered the dromos were removed three
skeletons were seen lying side by side fully extended with their heads at the west end. With the

most southern of the three were a few shell beads and one amethyst
bead, 10801 b; with the central a few shell beads and an uninscribed
stone scarab, 10801; with the northern a kohlpot cf blue marble shaped
like 10827 but flatter. Immediately on the top of these against the very
roof was a pottery incense-burner, 10800 c, PI. 94.

Below these burials were the steps, which led down to a depth of
3.80 m. below the surface of the ground. In front of the door which
gave entrance to the principal chamber from the dromos were twelve
hemispherical bowls in red-brown ware Type x\4, six saucers of the same
ware and the cup, 10800 B, PL 94.

The principal chamber was as full as it could hold of burials in
wooden coffins, the side of each touching the other. There were seven
or more, probably eight (for it looked as though the workmen had moved
one in clearing the tomb), lying extended east and west with their heads
at the west. At the northeast comer there was one more, not shown in
our sketch, at right angles to the others with its head at the north. The most northern of the
seven here shown was male and so was that next to it; a saucer of red-brown ware stood by the
shoulder of the latter. The third was a woman with a negro nose and with hair done in thin
plaits hke the modem Nubians. The sex of the next two could not be judged but it could be
seen that the nose of the fifth was thin and not negroid. The sixth, impossible to sex, showed
traces of a plaster mask over the face. With the seventh were the bones of a young child past

Scale,

CEMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 207

the age of infancy. At the feet of the fifth was a small pottery ring-stand, ro8oo; and at the feet Tomb K 24.
of the eighth (which lay at right angles to the others) were a rough dish of Type ii, and two or
three saucers of red-brown ware. The coffins had almost decayed away and the bones were in
bad condition.

In the smaller chamber which opened out of the western side of the principal chamber were
two skeletons, one male and one female, extended at full length with their heads at the west. Some
fragments of gold-foil by the head showed that there had been a plaster mask on the face of the
man. No objects of any kind were buried with them.

The side-walls which supported the vault over the dromos rose a metre from the level of the
ground. The door which led into the vault from the ground surface was at the eastern end and
had been closed in the usual fashion with a roughly laid mass of bricks. Just to the east of the
dromos, as shown in the annexed sketch and in PI. 77, was a square brick offering-stand on a
base of brick.

Tomb K 25.

K 25 was a tomb with well-preserved superstructure, which is shown in the two photographs Tomb K 25.
of PI. 77 and on a larger scale in the upper photograph on PI. 78. In front of the entrance of the
vaulted dromos was an oblong court 5.50 m. wide and 2.50 m. long, outHned by
one or two courses of brick still plainly visible. Inside the northwest corner of
this courtyard was a child's grave similar to the graves 20, 21; and against the
north side of this was a large red pot standing in position. The child's grave
and a column-base just east of it can be seen in the photographs. At the
northwest comer of the court a brick wall 2.50 m. long ran northward to connect
it with the superstructure of K 26. The stepped dromos led down to a depth of
two metres below the surface of the ground, and from it a door i.o m. high gave
entrance to two very irregularly-shaped chambers. The chambers were empty
except that a disturbed skeleton lay in the southern of the two Some bones
of a man, discoid shell beads, fragments of a plaster mask, parts of a pot in rough '""'■■'■ ^^''■
red-brown ware, a broken pottery incense-burner of Type iv b and a rough palette and rubber of
stone were found in the dromos.

Tomb K 26.

K 26 was a tomb of the same character as K 24 and 25 and can be seen in the lower photograph Tomb K 26.
on PI. 77. It had the characteristic vaulted dromos but no visible remains of any court in front
of it. The dromos descended to a depth of 2.40 m. below the ground
and from it two more steps led down through a doorway 1.40 m. high to
the principal chamber A which was 1.60 m. high. The level of the floors
in the side-chambers B and C was 0.90 m. above the floor-level of A.

In the principal chamber A were found the broken-up remains of
several skeletons; several saucers of rough red-brown ware; five bowls of
Type xvi; fragments of a pottery incense-burner; and fragments of jars
of Type i in rough ware. In the rubbish of the same chamber above
the floor-level were fragments of the pedestals of two steatite statuettes ; scaie. i .- 250.

and six alabaster vases, 10802-10807, PI. 90. The two side-chambers

were empty; in the dromos were fragments of bones; of plaster masks; some saucers of rough
red-brown .ware ; a saucer of hard white ware ; several bowls of Type xvi ; and the pottery ring-stand
10808, PL 95.

208 BUHEN

Tomb K 26. Immediately east of K 26 a plain surface grave without vault contained the skeleton of a woman

extended at full length with her head at the west ; with her were a large jar of rough red ware and a
bowl of the same ware.

Three metres north of the northeast comer of the court belonging to K 25 was found a stela
(Khartum) with the inscription:

-VLTuiZU^ '■^^l^^'M ^■frni=S!-

"An offering which the king gives ! Osiris lord of Abydos, Horus lord of Buhen. May he give
a funeral feast of bread, beer, flesh, fowl, incense and perfume for the Ka of the lady of the house
Neket, triumphant, for the Ka of the worthy Sebek-didiu, triimiphant."

Tomb K 27.

Tomb K 27. This tomb was interesting and imusual in several respects. It conformed to the general type

in so far that it was composed of subterranean chambers approached by a vaulted dromos, but
the chambers instead of being distributed round a central hall formed a series
descending one below the other. The first in order was D, which had steps and was
really a continuation of the dromos; from this a descent of .30 m. led down to B,
and from B another descent of .30 m. gave entrance to A. The only side-chamber,
C, was on the same level as D.

On the staircase itself were several rough pots, and in D there were a large

number which are shown lying outside the tomb in the lower photograph on PI. 78.

In C there were several pots, and the broken-up bones of three children, one of

scaie, 1 : 250. whom had a necklace of small green glaze and camelian beads, 10809. In A and

B there were no skeletons or objects of any kind.

The pottery from the entire tomb and staircase amounted to one of Type i, one of Type vi,

two of Type xi, four of Type xii, twenty-three of Type xvi, four of Type xix, seven small degenerations

of Type xix, two of Type xx, two of Type xxvi, one of Type xxvii, one of Type xxviii, one of Type

xxxi, five ring-stands, forty-one small saucers. These are represented in the catalogue by Nos.

10810, 10810 B, c, D, E, 10811, 10811 B, c, D, e; of which 10811 B is figured on PI. 94 and the

others on PI. 95.

The most interesting point in connection with K 27 was that the inscribed stela belonging to

it was still standing in position over the door which led into D from the dromos. It was so

corroded and weatherworn as to be entirely illegible and has therefore

been left in situ. The lower photograph in PI. 78 shows its appearance.

Tomb K 28.

Tomb K s8. LS^^^^^ K 28 was a very rough tomb, the dromos of which was probably

vaulted, though the evidence for it was not quite clear. In the principal
chamber were a few scattered bones, two pots of Type i, four of Type xvi,
car, 1. 2S0. ^^^ ^ saucer of rough ware. In the dromos was a bowl of Type vii, viz.,

10812, PI. 94,

CEMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

209

Tomb K 29.

A dromos 4.0 m. long, enclosed by brick walls 0.60 m. high which no doubt once supported Tomb K zg.
a vault, led down to a roughly-hewn chamber 3.0 m. below the surface of the ground. This tomb
was apparently never finished; on the south and west sides, which were the best worked, were
niches as if chambers had been begun and abandoned. Just inside the door were three pots, viz.
10S13, PI. 93, in rough red-brown ware, a large shallow bowl in rough red-brown ware, and a small
shallow bowl in red-brown ware faced with haematite. Along the north side in a wooden coffin
was the skeleton of a woman extended full length with head at west. As it lay on a heap of rubbish,
0.30 m. high, within the tomb this burial may have been of later date.

Tomb K 30.

A tomb of the usual type with dromos, main chamber, and one side chamber on the south Tomb K 30.
side. In the prindpal chambers were four bodies, two of which were male and one female, lying
extended. Three of them lay east and west with their heads at the west end, the fourth lay north
and south with its head at the north. In the side chamber were two bodies lying north and south
with their heads at the north.

The only objects in the tomb were a fragment of a rough pot of Type i, and a pot resembling
Type X but twice as wide (height 0.155 rn-. diameter 0.105 m.) in red-brown ware covered with
a wash of haematite.

Tomb K 31.

A dromos five metres long (not shown in the cut) led down by a series of rough steps to a Tomb K 31.
depth of two metres below the ground. From this a door i.om. high gave entrance to the
principal chamber A which was i.iom. high, with a rough pillar of natural
rock left in the centre.

In A were lying in their original positions, as sketched in the annexed
cut, the complete or nearly complete remains of seven bodies and the
scattered remains of two more. It will be observed that while all were in
the normal extended position yet the orientation varied. Thus i, 2, 3, 4
lay east and west with their heads at the west; but 5 and 6 lay north and
south, one with its head at the north and the other with its head at the
south. Of No. 7 there were only a few bones remaining, but they indicated
that the body had lain in the same direction as i, 2, 3, 4.

In chamber B there were three skeletons lying north and south with
their heads at the north, in C one skeleton lying east and west with its head
at the west, and in D one skeleton Ijnng north and south with its head at the north.

In chamber A No. i was a woman, No. 5 a man, No. 2 immature; the rest were too broken
to sex. With 4, 5, 6 were crumbled remains of wood, probably the debris of wooden coffins. Beside
No. I was a small alabaster kohlpot. At the feet of No. 4 were a small alabaster kohlpot (shape
of 10827); a bronze mirror with bronze handle in form of a lotus, 10814; some small plaques of plain
blue fayence, 10815; a cowry shell; two or three tiny fayence beads; and a tiny oval gold plaque,
10816. At the head of No. 4 was a shallow bowl 0.35 m. in diameter; at the head of No. 7 a similar
bowl 0.18 m. in diameter; and at the head of No. i two more bowls, all in rough ware. Also in
chamber A among the rubbish, and so not assignable to any particular body, were a nimiber of
shells for a necklace, some tubular blue glaze beads, some small blue glaze beads, and two inlaid
quartz eyes from a mask.

In chamber B the most western and the most eastern of the three bodies were female, the
central was too broken to admit of sexing. At the head of the most eastern was a broken bowl of

Scale,

210

BUHEN

Tomb K 31. rough red-brown ware, and at the head of the most western a complete bowl 0.28 m. in diameter
of rough red-brown ware faced with haematite slip. There were remains of wooden coffins.

In C only one complete body remained. It was male and had no objects accompanying it.
Some broken bones of a second body lay in the same chamber.

In D there was one complete body, with clear traces of a wooden coffin and a few bones of a
second body; no objects.

In the dromos of K 31 were a cup of red-brown ware and an incense-burner of Type iv b.

Tomb K 32.

Tomb K 32. K 32 was a large tomb of the type most characteristic of the K cemetery. A dromos 5.0 m.

long led down by steps to a depth of 3.70 m. below the ground. From this a door gave entrance

to the principal chamber A, the roof of which had collapsed ; in the centre
of A was a circular base of natural rock .05 m. high, with a central
depression which may have been intended to hold a wooden pillar. At
the northeast comer of A was a side-chamber B and at the west end were
two more chambers C and D. The dromos had been roofed with a brick
vault the side walls of which were preserved to a height of 0.90 m., and
the entrance to this vault on the east side had been closed with bricks in
the usual manner. Just outside the dromos at its northwest comer could
be traced a part of the brick chapel which had stood above the tomb.

At the east end of the vaulted dromos-enclosure on the ledge between

the brick walls and the steps were standing several pots in their original

positions, viz. an incense-burner of Type v in red ware faced with whitey-

drab slip; another incense-bumer of Type iv B in roughish red ware; a

pot of Type xxix in red-brown ware, 10833, PI. 95; a bidlet-shaped pot in

smooth red ware faced with haematite ; and four tumblers in red ware, one

of which was faced with haematite.

In the filling of the dromos just outside chamber A were the objects catalogued as 10818 and

1 08 1 8 B, viz., two carnelian studs and some bronze hooks; also a broken pair of bronze tweezers

and a small number of white shell and blue glaze discoid beads.

In chamber A the whole of the roof had fallen in over the eastern half and the lower
strata of the roof had fallen in over the western half, covering the floor with fragments over
which the sand had poured. In this sand, above the stone fragments, were found loose a number
of amethyst beads, 10817 ; and parts of two ivory wands of the usual pattern with the ends carved
into hands.

Underneath the debris in A were lying five bodies, four adults and one child, crushed to atoms
by the fall of the roof. The bones were too much broken to allow of sexing, but the position was
clear; all were extended at full length with their heads at the west. Roimd the neck of the skeleton
numbered i in the annexed cut was a string of plain gold ring-shaped beads, 10819, PI. 87. Round
the neck and across the chest of No. 2 were two necklaces; the first of plain gold ring-shaped beads,
10820, PI. 87; the second of amethyst beads spaced by hollow tubes of gold in the same style as
the necklace of Merer (cf. Frontispiece). These beads, 1082 1, are shown restrung in their exact
original order on PI. 87. Round the right wrist of No. 2 were two bracelets; one of gold ring-shaped
beads, 10822, exactly like the necklace 10820; the other of lentoid and flattened spheroid gold
beads, 10823, PI- 87. These latter are shown restrung but not in theoriginal order, which could not
be recovered. There were remains of a plaster mask which had covered the face.

By the hands of No. 3, the child, were the remains of a bracelet, 10824 PI. 87, which must have
consisted of three strings separated by a gold spacer. Only one or two beads were still left to

Scale,

CEMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS 211

show the original form. From these it appeared that the top string had consisted of nasturtium- Tomb K 33.
seed amethysts separated by very small gold tubes, the second of plain gold ring-beads, and the
third of green felspar nasturtium-seed beads with which gold lentoids may have alternated. A
number of very small white shell discoid beads found close by may have formed the back
of the bracelet.

Above the head of No. 4 were the remains of a small bronze dagger with ivory handle, 10844,
resembling 10341 in form. In a group at its feet were two alabaster kohlpots, 10827, 10828,
PL 90; with two Tell-el-Yahudieh vases, 10S31 PI. 49, and 10832; also a few white shell discoid
beads. With No. 5 were no objects of any kind. By the skull of a sixth body which had been
crushed by a large stone and was scarcely recognizable, lay several flat strips of mother-of-pearl
pierced at each end for threading, 10826.

In the middle of the chamber by the legs of No. 4 were fragments of a straight-sided bowl
of red ware faced with haematite which was ornamented with Vandykes and a scrabbled line.

In chamber B were four bodies lying extended with their heads at the north end. The two
in the middle had worn plaster masks of which traces remained . The bones were too much broken
to allow of sexing and there were no objects of any kind in the chamber.

The floor of chamber C rose slightly above the level of A. In it lay undisturbed the body
of a man extended at full length with the head at the west end, the bones much broken and decayed
but recognizable. By the head were remains of a plaster mask with quantities of the gold foil
which no doubt had covered it. By the right ear lay a bronze mirror without handle, 10830. Just
above the left ear lay the leaf-shaped iron spear-head, 10829, P^- 88. Its maximum length is
0.305 m. and maximum width 0.08 m. This, if we are correct in ascribing the tomb to the XII*
Dynasty, is the oldest iron implement yet discovered in any country, and therefore of the greatest
possible value and interest. The upper photograph in PI. 86 shows it lying in position by the
undisturbed bones of its owner.

The floor of chamber D was slightly sunk below that of A. In it lay four bodies extended
at full length with their heads at the west end, the bones too much decayed to allow of sexing.
The two most to the west had worn plaster masks, the one next to them had a plaster mask on the
face and a bracelet of plain gold flattened spheriod beads on the wrist of one hand, 10825, PI 87.
The most eastern had a plaster mask on the face, and at its neck were lying a number of gold beads
(Khartum) some ring-shaped, some flattened spheroid and one a quatrefoil berry. Near the feet
of this body were also a few broken bugle-beads of glazed steatite, the glaze of which was quite
worn away, and one amethyst bead.

The lower photograph in PI. 86 shows the process of excavating chamber D in this tomb.
The upper rubbish has been cleared away and the level of the interment has just been reached;
the two ordinary workmen are clearing out the last remains of the loose sand and soil covering
the skeletons, while the foreman Solman Farnisi (facing the reader) is brushing the skeletons so
that they may show clearly for photography and for noting.

Tomb K 33-

K 2i was a tomb with some remains of superstructure, illustrated by the photograph on PI. 79. ■pofnf, k jj.
The dromos was divided into two parts by a brick barrier (cf. the account of K 37 on p. 189) ; from
which, as far as the door of the chamber above the dromos, extended a roof of stone slabs. The
entrance of the dromos was closed by a stone portcullis.

The tomb had been completely plundered in ancient days; but in the rubbish were found
a plaque of plain blue fayence, 10834; a cameHan stud, 10835; a blue glaze amulet in the form of
a lion, 10836; and a pottery incense-burner of Type iv B.

212

BUHEN

Tomb K 3S.

Tomb K 34.

Tomb K 34. ^^__ K 34 differed slightly, as the annexed cut shows, from the normal type;

as B, which would generally be a large hall, was here only a pit one metre
wide. The stepped dromes led down to a depth of 2.0 m. below the ground
level and gave entrance to B, the floor of which was 0.40 m. lower. On either
side of B was a ledge 0.50 m. wide and 0.80 m. above the floor of B; and from
this ledge a step 0.30 m. high led into C. The tomb had been completely
plundered out and contained no skeletons or objects of any kind.

Tomb K 35.

K 35 was a large tomb with well-preserved superstructure, which is
illustrated by the photograph on PI. 79. In the principal chamber, to which
Scale. 1 : 250. the dromos gave entrance, the roof had collapsed ; but the contents had been

rifled in ancient days so that nothing remained except some pulverized bones
and three fragments of pots of rough red-brown ware. At the west end of the chamber were
two niches, in each of which lay a body extended at full length with its head at the west end.
The southern of the two bodies was that of a woman, and with her was one object, viz., a round
quartz bead with a cross-binding of gold-foil, 10840. With the northern skeleton, which was
too much broken to allow of sexing, there were no objects. On the north and south side of the
laige chamber were empty niches. In the dromos were found a set of amethyst beads and a
plain jasper scarab (both sent to Khartum); a second plain jasper scarab, 10837; beads and
amulets of blue glaze, 10838; shell beads, 10839; ^ fayence bowl, 10841; a bronze mirror, 10842;
two tiny scarabs, 10843. Also in the dromos were some large tubular camelian beads; a broken
bowl of black-topped haematitic ware; an alabaster kohlpot of type similar to 10827; an alabaster
kohlpot of type similar to 10878; a steatite kohlpot of the same form; a broken band of bronze;
and a fragment of a pottery incense-burner.

Just north of the entrance to the dromos was a brick pillar with niches like those described
below in connection with K 36 and K 39 (c/. Pll. 81, 82).

Tomb K 36.

Tomb K 36. K 36 was a large tomb with stepped dromos and with remains of a superstructure similar

to the last. It is interesting to note that the walls of this superstructure were carried across the
line of four small tombs, of which one being opened proved to contain the bones of a small child.
These must have been constructed earlier but were no doubt too insignificant to be respected.
Another small tomb of the same kind was built against the outside of the northern wall after this
had been completed. Two brick pillars similar to the ten pillars in front of K 38-39 stood one on
the north and one on the south of K 36. The tomb was completely plundered out but an alabaster
kohlpot, 10845 PI- 9O' was found in the rubbish of the dromos.

Tomb K 37.

Tomb K 37. IaBbI K37 was a large tomb, the superstructure of which was more

perfectly preserved than any other in the cemetery. This is fully
described on p. 189 and illustrated on PL 80. The dromos, which is not
shown in the annexed cut, descended to a depth of three metres below
the ground; and from it a door i.o m. high led into D, the main chamber,
which was i.iom. high. The entire tomb had been plvmdered out
Scale. 1 : 250. but there was a skeleton lying at the south end of D extended at full

length with its head at the west, and in the same chamber were found
two scarabs, 10846 PI. 89, and 10847 PI- Sq- The other three chambers were empty.

CEiMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

213

From the rubbish of the dromos came a small vase of red-brown ware ; and against the north Tomb K 37.
wall of the superstructure lay a pot of Type ix, viz. 10848 PI. 94, in which were biuied the bones
of an infant.

Outside against the north wall of the superstructure, at a point close to the door, was built
a small brick grave covered with plastered stone slabs which contained the skeleton of an infant.
On either side of the tomb, two on the north and three on the south, were brick pillars with niches
like those which stood near K 36 and K 39 (cf. p. 190 and Pll. 81, 82) ; the tallest was i.io m. high.
In front of the most southern of these pUlars was the bottom half of a large jar in which were
buried the bones of a small infant mixed with ashes and goats' dung.

Tomb K 38.

K 38 was the largest of aU the tombs in the K cemetery. The dromos and the small part Tomb K 38.
of the enclosure wall which remained around it are illustrated by the upper photograph on PI. 81.
The tomb was composed of a large central hall G, supported on a column
cut out of the living rock, with six chambers leading off it. The stepped
dromos, 4.50 m. long, descended to a depth of 2.10 m. below the surface
of the ground, and from it the central hall was entered by a door i.io m.
high. The walls of the dromos had been covered with a smooth plaster
of mud and whitewashed, and the walls of the burial chambers were of
the natural rock fairly well dressed. The greater part of the roof of G
had collapsed but the roofs of the other chambers were intact ; they varied
in height from i.om. to 1.20 m. The entire tomb had been rifled in
ancient days and the bodies broken to pieces, but various small objects
were discovered in the debris of the chambers.

In G there were a blue marble kohlpot, 10849; ^ small alabaster
vase, 10850; two pairs of copper tweezers, 10851 a b; a scaraboid, 10852,
PL 89; a plain amethyst scarab, 10853; two silver ear-rings, 10854 a b; a

plain quartz or cr3'stal scarab with beads of camelian blue glaze and shell, 10855; and a small cup
of red haematitic ware.

In F was a small steatite scarab set in gold, 10856, a small plain scarab of green jasper, 10857,
and another small steatite scarab, 10858.

In E was the scarab, 10859, PL 89, and in C was the scarab, 10860, PL 89.

Fragments of coarse red haematitic ware found in this tomb may have been parts of a pottery
coffin, while black and white inlaid eyes found in chamber G may have belonged to a plaster mask.

Seal-;, 1 : 250.

Tomb K 39-K 43.

On the south of K 38 was a group of five tombs, the relative
position of which is shown in the annexed cut. They were similar to
the small tombs K 19-K 23 but more complete and elaborate. Their
character, which curiously resembles that of some modern Mohammedan
tombs, is well illustrated by the photographs on PL 81 and PL 82. The
best example is K 39, a vaulted superstructure of crude brick 1.70 m.
long covering a rectangular pit i.o m. deep. The vertical walls against
which the vault was constructed were left projecting a few centimetres
above it at each end, and against the eastern side abutted a small
triangular niche of brick. Over this niche an oblong window was
pierced in the vault and left open. The niche was no doubt intended
to receive offerings.

Tomb K 30

to
Tomb K 43.

Scale, 1 : 250.

214

BUHEN

Tomb K 3Q In K 39 nothing was found except a few scraps of bone.

TombK 4? In K 40 there was the skeleton of a small infant; this grave was constructed later than K 41-43

when the sand had already drifted over them and it stands on a level about 0.25 m. higher.

In the above cut the letter a marks a rough circle of mud plaster surroiuided by small
stones, b and c are the burials of infants in rough pots against the enclosure wall of K 38, which
are illustrated in the upper picture on PI. 83. Such bvirials occurred several times in this part
of the cemetery {cf. K37, K 44). The pots are not complete but are the bottom halves of large
jars; the lower of the two, as the picture shows, was covered by a large sherd.

In front of K 38 and K 39 were ten small pillars of brick with triangular niches for offerings
built against them. These are lettered P i-P 10 in the cut and in PH. 81, 82 {cj. Ihe description
of K 37 on p. 190).

Section, Scale:

Tomb K 44.

Tomb K 44. A tomb of unusual construction, which is best illustrated by the photographs on Pll. 83

and 84. The plan was that of a simple oblong pit 5.50 m. long by 2.25 m. wide, excavated partly

_ in rubbish partly in alluvial deposit. The rubbish may have been the

original material thrown out in excavating the neighbouring tomb K 38.

The pit was lined with brick walls . 50 m. thick, which fitted closely

against the sides and were covered with a vaulted roof rising to two

metres above the floor. Above this vault was a falling of rubbish on

which a horizontal platform of brick two courses thick was laid, and

the platform was enclosed by a brick wall 0.15 m. high, which went down

through the rubbish till it touched the vault (see the annexed section).

One of the two brick pillars belonging to K 39 is built on the top of

this wall which encloses the platform (see PI. 83).

' In the east end of the tomb is an arched door which was bricked up on the outside (see PI. 84).
In front of this was a low quadrilateral enclosure of brick against the comer of which was a pot

containing the bones of an infant, and outside the northeast

comer of the tomb was another pot containing an infant's bones

surrounded by a low screen of mud bricks. These two burials are

marked A and B in the annexed cut. The tomb contained seven

skeletons in two rows, viz. three in the western and four in the

eastern half, all extended at full length with their heads at the

west. At the head of each of the three in the first row was a vase

of Tell-el-Yahudieh type, 10861, 10864 (PI- 92), 10864 b. With

the central burial in the same row were also two alabaster kohlpots,

10862, PI. 90, and 10863 (of the same form as 10827); while just

to the west of these, against the end of the tomb, were another

alabaster kohlpot, 10865 (of the same form as 10827); a copper

mirror, 10866; and a pot, 10867, of Type xxx, PI. 95. Between the

two rows were a pot of Type xvi, and a pot of Type xxiii, viz.

10867 B PI. 95.

On the neck of the most southern burial in the western row were the beads 10868; and on

the neck of the central biuial in the same row were several tubular and ring-beads of blue glaze,

with some ring ball and tubular beads of camelian. Under the shoulder of one of the skeletons

in the eastern row were the remains of a pair of copper tweezers.

In the rubbish of the interior near the door were ring-beads of blue glaze and of shell, 10868 b,
strip-beads of shell, and the Tell-el-Yahudieh vase 10869, PI- 92-

East end of the Tomb. Scale,

CEMETERY K. INDIVIDUAL TOMBS

215

The photographs on PI. 85 show the western end with the contents of that part of the tomb Tomb K 44.
in position. The right-hand picture illustrates the section of the vault and indicates the position
of the three skeletons in the western row. The left-hand picture shows these skeletons with the
earth completely cleared from them and the objects clearly outlined. No. 2 is 10862; 3 is 10863;
4 is 10864; 5 is 10864 b; 6 is 10865; 7 is 10866; 8 is 10867; ^^nd 9 is 10867 b.

From remains of plaster and wood adhering to the walls it was evident that the bodies had
originally been buried in rectangular coffins.

In the rubbish between tombs K 44 and 45, probably thrown out from the former by ancient
plunderers, was the sandstone stela, 10997; which is so badh^ written as to be almost illegible.
The name of the person for whom it was set up is apparently not given.

N. B. — No black-topped haematitic ware was found in this totnb; the statement to that effect on
page 134 is an error.

Tomb K 45.

Traces of the superstructure remained. The stepped dromos led down to a depth of 3.10 m. ; Tomb K 45.
and a door at the end of it, 1.70 m. high, gave entrance to the principal chamber G, of which the
roof had collapsed. In G no objects were found.

A was a side-chamber 0.95 m. high, the floor of which was 0.15 m.
above that of G. It contained three skeletons lying at full length
side by side with their heads at the west end; the powdered remains
of wood around them showing that they had been buried in wooden
cofhns. At the feet of the most western were the vase, 1087 1, PI. 92,
and a shallow bowl 0.155 m. in diameter of red-brown ware faced inside
with haematite. At the northwest comer was the little glazed cup,
10870.

From the rubbish of A came fragments of a kohlpot and of an
alabaster vase.

B was also 0.15 m. above G and i.io m. high. It contained three
skeletons lying at full length side by side with their heads at the west
end; the pieces of plaster and gold leaf showing that they had worn
masks such as those in Tomb J 29 described on page 173. In the
northwest comer of the tomb were the dish, 10873, PI- 93. and another
of the same type; with a bowl of red-brown ware 0.045 m. high and
0.130 m. in diameter. Under 10873 was a shallow bowl of red-brown
ware haematite-washed.

C was a chamber 0.15 m. above G and 0.95 m. high. The roof
had partly collapsed, crushing several bodies which had been buried in it at full length with their
heads at the west end. About the heads were quantities of gold leaf and scraps of finely moulded
plaster masks still showing traces of paint and gilding (c/. Tomb J 29 on p. 173). The faces of
the masks seem to have been entirely gilded, with eyes of white and black inlay; on the neck and
breasts there had been hieroglyphic signs finely moulded in the stucco and then gilded. The
bodies had been interred in coffins, [of which traces could still be seen. Mixed up with the
fragments of bones on the north side of the chamber were the finely carved ivory amulet in the
shape of a ram 10874, PI. 89, and the gold-mounted scarab 10875, PI. 89. In the northwest
comer were two dishes of Type ii, and the pot 10880 b.

In the rubbish of the chamber were a much corroded kohlpot of alabaster of the shape of
10827 (c/. PI. 90), and the small broken vase of black and white marble, 10882 PI. 90.

Scale, I : 250.

216 BUHEN

Tomb K 45. Just outside were the Tell-el-Yahudieh vases, 10876, 10877, PI- 92; the small alabaster vase,
10878 b; the alabaster ointment-vase, 10878, PI. 90; a small alabaster vase with holes for
suspension, 10878 b; a bronze mirror, 10879; fragments of a Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, 10881.

D was a chamber 0.15 m. above G and 1.05 m. high, of which the roof had partly collapsed.
It contained two skeletons buried at fuU length with their heads at the west end. Around the
neck and crushed sktill of the southern body were amethyst ball beads and gold tubes, forming,
no doubt originally a necklace of the same style as that which was found in Merer's tomb {cf.
p. 200 and frontispiece). A pendant, originally inlaid, and a nugget of gold had been attached to
it, and a string of plain gold ring-beads seemed to run parallel to it. Both strings are now in the
Khartum museum.

At the feet of the same body were three fine bronze objects, viz., a broken fluted bowl, 10883,
PI. 96; a thick mirror lying on a mass of linen, 10884; and an axe-head, 10885, PI- 9i- In a
group at the feet of the northern body were five Tell-el-Yahudieh vases, viz., 10886, PI. 92, and
10887 B (all broken), partly covered by a dish of red-brown haematite-faced ware. With them
were scraps of ivory from a box; the alabaster kohlpot, 10888; beads, 10882 b; and a haematite
kohlstick.

In the rubbish of the chamber was the Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, 10887, PI- 92 ; and in the rubbish
of chamber E was the Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, 10890, PI. 92.

E was a chamber 0.15 m. above G and 1.25 m. high. The only complete skeleton, that of a
child, lay in the southwest comer at full length with its head at the west end. Fragments of bones
imbedded in the earth in other parts of the chamber showed that there had been at least one more
body. With the child's skeleton were a large rough dish of Type ii and two other rough dishes;
the Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, 10889, PI- 92; and two saucers of red-brown ware. In the northwest
comer was a pair of ivory wands, 10892, similar to 10348-9; and in the centre of the chamber
another ivory wand 10892, a pottery saucer, and the small alabaster vase, 10891.

In the northeast corner lay a mass of objects, viz. a fine bronze mirror, 10893; a marble
vase much corroded by salt in the form of a trussed duck, 10894; a broken copper bowl, 10894 b;
a torque of silver wire in the shape of two coiled snakes, 10896, PI. 91 ; and four small rough pots.
Under the copper bowl were many fragments of ivory and of wood, all reduced to powder by the
damp, which may very possibly have composed a casket. This casket had contained an obsidian
kohlpot, the rim and the fid of which were bound with gold, 10897, PI. 91 ; two haematite kohlsticks;
and a small alabaster kohlpot, 10893 b. On and among the mass of objects, 10893-10897, were
scattered the beads, 10898 a, b, c, and 10899, which are described in detail in the catalogue, pp. 233-4.

F was a chamber 0.90 m. high, which was reached from G by a broad step 0.30 m. high. It
contained parts of a skeleton mixed up with fragments of wood which no doubt had composed
its coffin. The feet lay at the north end, and the head and upper part of the trunk must have
projected over the step.

In the pit of K 45 were a bowl and a small vase of red-brown ware, the bottle 10873 c, and
the cup 10880.

N. B. — No black-topped haemaiitic ware was found in this tomb; the statement to that effect on
page 145 is an error.

CHAPTER XVI

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, PHILADELPHIA,
FOUND IN THE NEW EMPIRE CEMETERIES AT BUHEN.

SCARABS, PLAQUES, RINGS, AMULETS

All except those marked with an asterisk aie
illustrated. For scarabs, etc., see Plates 56-59;
for amulets, Plate 55.

loooi.* Scarab. Of amethyst, large, uninscribed.

H I.

10002. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 4.

10003. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. H 4.

10004.* Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved, uninscribed. H 4.

10005.* Ring- Of bronze, the bezel once inscribed
but is now illegible. H 4.

10006. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 5.

10007. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze much
worn. H 6.

10008. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. H 8.

10009.* Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved, signs under the glaze illegible. H 8.

looio. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
well preserved. H 8.

looii. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
presen.'ed. Inscribed with name Okhepru-re
(Amenhotep 2°^). H 10.

10012. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
much worn, mounted in bronze H 10.

10013. Ring (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the glaze
very well preserved. The signs under the glaze
are difficult to read, but seem to be Kheper-re (for
Nebkhepru-re (?); that is, Tutenkhamon). H 10.

10014. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
much worn. H 10.

10015.* Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze a
little worn, uninscribed. H 11.

10016. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, large, glaze
well preserved. H 13.

10017. Plaque. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preser\'ed. Incised on one side with the name
Menkheperre (Thothmes 3''') and on the other
side with the head of Hathor. H 15.

10018. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
fairly well preserved. H 15.

10019. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze much
worn. Hi,.

10020. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze fairly
well preserved. H 15.

10021. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. H 15.

10022.* Scaraboid. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. Inscribed with the common Amon
formula. H 15.

10023. Plaque. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed on one side with the figure
of a man and a small almost illegible cartouche
(Menklieperre?) and on the other with scrolls.

H 16.

10023B. Ring (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the

glaze well preserved, the bezel of the ring is in the

form of an eye. H 16.

10024. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
much worn. H 18.

10025. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, large, the glaze
well preserved. In deep intaglio are the signs
Kheperre (for Nebkhepru-re (?) cf. No. 10013).

H 18.

10026. Scarab. Of unglazed steatite. H 21.

10027. Scarab. Of unglazed steatite. H 21.

10028. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
almost worn away. H 21.

10029. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. H 2 i .

10030. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 21.

10031. Scaraboid (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the
glaze rather faded. On the one side the form is
that of an eye, on the other side is inscribed a
simple conventional design. H 21.

10032. Plaque. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed on each side with the name
Heqmare (Rameses 4""). H 23.

10033. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 23.

10034. Scarab. Of steatite, unglazed. H 23.
10035.* Scarab. A large heart-scarab of unglazed

steatite inscribed with a formula of the usual
character. II 25.

10036. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name MenkheperrS
(Thothmes S""). H 25,

10037. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name Menkhe-
perre (Thothmes ."?"'). H 25.

(217)

218

BUHEN

10038. Plaque. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed on one side with the name
MakarS (Hatshepsut) and on the other with a
griffin. H 25.

10039. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name Rameses.

H 25.

10040. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze partly
preserved. H 25.

10041. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze fairly
well preserved. H 25.

10042. Button. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
fairly well preserved. H 25.

10043. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze quite
worn away. H 25.

10044. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze quite
worn away. H 26.

10045. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 26.

10046. Ring (PI. 65). Of bronze. Broken. The bezel
inscribed with the name "Hor-RS-meryan." H 27.

10047.* Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. Only one half found. Incised
with figure of a griffin. H 27.

10048.* Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
quite worn away, uninscribed. H 27.

10049. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 28.

10050. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. H 30.

1 005 1. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze partly
preserved. H 30.

10052. Scarab Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. H 31.

10053. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name Nebkhepru-rfi
(Tutenkhamon). H 33.

10054. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze partly
preserved. H 33.

10055. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze almost
worn away. H 33.

10056. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze partly
preserved. H 33.

10057. Scarab. Of lapis lazuli H 33.

10058. Scarab. Of steatite, either unglazed or
else the glaze entirely worn away.f H 33.

10059. Pendant. Of glazed pottery Inscribed
on one side with the cartouche of Usermarfi-
setepnerS (Rameses 2°"). H 36.

10060.* Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Inscribed with a conven-
tionalized motive H 36.

10061. Plaque. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. Incised on the one side with the signs
shown in the illustration, on the other side with
the uraeus and reed-leaf. H 36

10062. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
well preserved. One side is inscribed with the
signs shown in the illustration, the other side is
moulded in the form of a fish instead of the
usual beetle. H 36.

10063. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Inscribed with the name
Menkheperre (Thothmes S'"). H 80.

10064. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 80.

10065. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. H 45.

10066. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. H 45.

10067. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. H 60.

10068. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name MenkheperrS
(Thothmes 3'"). H 60.

10069. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze partly
preserved. H 60.

10070. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. H 63.

10071.* Scarab. Of green jasper, uninscribed.

H63.

10072. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. H 64.

10073. Plaque. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. Incised on the one side with the
crowned figure of a hawk, on the other with a
seated human figure. H 65.

10074.* Scarab Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away, uninscribed. H 65.

10075. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 66.

10076.* Scarab. Of green jasper, uninscribed.

H 66.

10077.* Button-seal. Of unglazed pottery. Incised
with chevrons making a star. H 67.

10078. Scarab. Of glass. H 67.

10079. Scarab. Of glass. Inscribed with signs
perhaps intended for "Rameses." H 67.

10080. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze fairly
well preserved. Inscribed with the name Men-
kheperre (Thothmes 3'"). H 68.

10080B. Plaque. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. Inscribed on the one side (illus-
trated) with couchant animal and name Men-
kheperre, and on the other with "ankh-nefer-
ankh " and a vase. H 71.

1 0081. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. H 68.

10081B. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
well preserved. H 68.

10082. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. H 68.

tin other cases like this where there are no visible traces of glaze it has been assumed that the specimen was originally
glazed and the entry is made in the form "glaze entirely worn away." But it is quite possible that some were never glazed at all.

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM NEW EMPIRE CEMETERIES 219

10083. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Inscribed with the name
"Son of Re, Ykeb. " H 68.

10084. Scaraboid. Of black steatite. H 69.
10085.* Ring. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well

preserved. Broken. The bezel inscribed but
illegible. H 70.

10086. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 72.

10087.* Scarab. Of camelian, uninscnbed. H 73.

10088.* Scarab. Of amethyst, uninscribed. H 73.

10089.* Scarab. Of glazed steatite, glaze almost
worn away. Incised with two ankh signs and
a lotus bud. H 73.

10090. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Inscribed with the name
Kheperkar^ (Sesostris 1"), and as it resembles
Twelfth Dynasty specimens in style may be
actually of that date. H 74.

10091. Plaque. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. It is in the shape of a car-
touche and is inscribed on each side with the
name Makar§ (Hatshepsut). H 74.

10092. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze much
faded, rudely inscribed with the name Menkheperrd
(Thothraes 3""). H 74.

10093. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 74.

10094. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved on the back but worn away on the face.

H74.

10095. Scarab Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. H 74.

10096. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 74.

10097. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze worn
away but some specks of gold foil still remain.

H74-

10098. Scarab Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. H /4.

10099. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. H 74.

loioo. Scaraboid. Of ivory. Incised with some
conventional signs. H 74.

loioi. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Inscribed with the name
MakarS. H 74.

I0I02.* Oblong bead, convex on one side. Of
glazed steatite, the glaze well preserved Incised
with the sacred eye. H 74.

10103.* Scarab. Of glass, very small, uninscribed.

H 74.

10104. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, glare quite
worn away. H 74.

10105.* Scarab. Of unglazed steatite, uninscribed.

H74.

10106.* Scarab. Of glazed steatite, glaze well
preserved. Incised with a slight lotus pattern.

H 74.

10107. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, glaze almost
entirely worn away. H 74.

10108.* Oval bead Steatite, convex on one side,
uninscribed. H 74.

10109.* Bead. Of glazed steatite, glaze well
preserved, traces of a faint pattern. H 74.

loiio.* Ring. Of bronze, uninscribed. H 76.

loin. Pendant. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. The shape is that of a cartouche,
one side plain, the other inscribed with the name
Usermare-setepnere (Rameses 2°*). H 76.

10112. Ring (PI. 65) Of bronze Apparently
the seal-ring of a city official. H 80.

10113. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
nearly worn away. H 81.

10114. Scarab Of glazed steatite, the glaze
nearly worn away. H 85.

10115. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
fairly well preserved. Inscribed with the name
Usermare (Rameses 2°''). H 12.

1 01 16. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Inscribed with the title
"attendant of the house." H 12.

10117. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Incised with a lion tramp-
ling on a captive. Over the back of the lion is
written "Amon" and in front of him "RS, lord
of the two lands." H 12.

1 01 18.* Scarab. Of obsidian, large, uninscribed.

H 12.

10119. Bead (PI. 55). Of glazed steatite, the
glaze well preserved. Represents the head of
Hathor. On the reverse is inscribed the Amon
formula. H 12.

10120. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. H 12.

10121. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. H 12.

10122. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. H 12.

10123. Scarab Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away H 12.

1 01 24.* Scarab. Of unglazed steatite, the roughly
incised signs are illegible. H 12.

1 01 25.* CoWroid bead. Of unglazed steatite, the
sacred eye is lightly indsed on it. H 12.

10126. Scarab Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. H 12.

10127.* Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
well preserved, incised with some simple sign
which is illegible. H 12.

10128. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
well preserved, the back is moulded in the form
of a fish. J 4.

10129. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name Menkheper-
kar6-setepnerS (Thothmes 3""). J 7.

10130. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. J 8.

220

BUHEN

10131. CowToid bead. Of glazed steatite, the
glaze well preser\'ed. J 8.

10132. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. J 1 1 ■

10133. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name Nebmare
(Rameses 6'"). J 11.

10134. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. J 12.

10135. Ring (PI- 5 5)- Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. J 13.

10136. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. J i3-

10137. Ring (PI. 65). Of bronze. Inscribed with
letters that seem to be Hor-Re {cf. above No.
10046). J 13.

10138. Ring (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the
glaze well preserved. J i5-

10139.* Ring. Of glazed pottery, the bezel
moulded in the form of the sacred eye. J i5-

10140. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze fairly
well preserved. J iS-

10141. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. J i5-

10142. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name Menkheperre
(Thothmes 3'"). J 18.

10143. Amulet (PI. 55), in form of a duck. Of
glazed steatite, the glaze well preserved, scroll
pattern on reverse. J iS.

10144. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. J 18.

10145. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. J 18.

10146.* Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
partly preserved, uninscribed. J 18.

10147.* Button. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. Incised with Amon formula.

J 21-

10148. Cowroid bead. Of glazed pottery, the
glaze well preserved. J -i-

10149. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
preserved only on the back. J -i-

10150. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Inscribed with the name
Menkheperre (Thothmes 3"') . J 26.

10151. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Inscribed with the name
Menkheperre (Thothmes 3"*). J 26

10152. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, broken, the
glaze almost worn away. J 26.

10153. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze en-
tirely worn away. J 26.

10154. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, broken, the
glaze entirely worn away. J 26.

10155. Amulet (PI. 55), in form of a duck, un-
glazed. J 26.

10156. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. J 26.

10157. Amulet, in shape of a fly, the reverse
inscribed as shown in the illustration. Of glazed
steatite, the glaze well preserved. J 26.

10158. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze quite
worn away. J.

10159. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. J 2S.

10160. Plaque. Of glazed steatite, the glaze partly
preserved. The side illustrated is incised with
a rude head of Hathor, the other with the Amon
formula. J 26.

10161. Plaque. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
nearly worn away. On the one side is the design
shown in the illustration, on the other a chequered
basket-pattern. J 26.

10162. Amulet, in form of a fish, the reverse being
inscribed as shown m the illustration. Of glazed
steatite, the glaze nearly worn away. J 26.

10163. Scaraboid. Of steatite, unglazed. J 26.
10164.* Scarab. Of blue glass, broken, unin-
scribed. J 26.

10165.* Scaraboid. Of steatite, unglazed. On
the reverse is roughly incised an uraeus (?). J 26.

10166. Cowroid bead. Of steatite, unglazed.
Incised with figure of a fish. J 26.

10167.* Plaque. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Incised on both sides with
conventional motives. J 26.

10168.* Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. Shapeless and poor, unin-
scribed. J 26.

10169.* Scarab. Of camelian, uninscribed. J 26.

10170.* Scarab. Of unglazed steatite. Incised
with criss-cross pattern. J 26.

10171.* Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Incised with rude lotus
bud. J 28.

10172.* Scarab. Of light green felspar covered
with gold-leaf, ver)' small, uninscribed. J 28.

10173.* Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. Incised with Amon formula. J 30.

10174. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. J 30.

10175. Amulet (Pll. 58, 59). Of glazed steatite,
the glaze entirely worn away. The one side is
moulded in form of a man, the other incised with
pattern shown in the illustration. J 30.

10176. Cowroid bead. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. J 3°-

10177. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. H or J.

10178. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preser\-ed. J Zi A.

10179.* Scarab. Oi amethyst, uninscribed.

J 33 A.
10180A. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze

partly preserved. J 35-

10180B. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze

partly preserved. J 35-

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM NEW EMPIRE CEMETERIES 221

10181. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. J 38.

10182. Cylinder-seal. Of unglazed steatite. In-
scribed with the name Amenemhat within a
cartouche. Is perhaps, as the name suggests,
of the Twelfth Dynasty. J 38.

10183. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name Menkhoperre
(ThothmesS''''). J 39-

10184. Plaque. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
well preserved. Inscribed on one side with the
title "Son of the Sun" twice repeated, on the
other with the name Aahkheperre. J 39.

10185. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well

preserved.

10186. Scarab. Of glazed steatite,
almost entirely worn away.

10187. Scarab. Of glazed steatite,
almost entirelv worn awav.

the

J 39-
glaze

J 41.
glaze

J 39-

1 0188. Scarab. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved on face but not on back. J 39-

10189. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
fairly well preserved. J 39-

10190. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved. J 39.

10191. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
pretty well preserved. J 4i-

10192. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. J 4i-

10193. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost worn away. J 42.

10194. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. J 42-

10195. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn waay. J 42.

10196. Plaque. Of glazed steatite, the glaze partly
preser\'ed. Carved on the one side with an
uraeus in relief, on the other with a conventional
design. J 43-

10197. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze fairly
well preserved. Inscribed with the name Neb-
mare (Amenhotep 3'''.''?). J 44-

10198. Ring (PI. 65). Of bronze, the bezel in-
scriVjed with Amon formula. J 45-

10199. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, glaze entirely

worn away.

J4.S.

10200. Scarab. Of glazed steatite.

the glaze

almost entirely worn away.

J45-

10201. Scarab. Of glazed steatite.

the glaze

partly preserved.

J 46.

10202. Scarab. Of glazed steatite.

the glaze

partly presented.

J47-

10203.* Scarab. Of camelian, uninscribed. J 50.

10204.* Scarab. Of haematite, uninscribed. J 50.

10205. Amulet (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the

glaze well preserv'ed.

H21

10206. Amulet (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the

glaze well preserved.

10207-12. Six amulets (PI. 55). Of glazed pot-
tery, the glaze well preserved. All from the
same mould and represent the head of Hathor.
Four of the six were found in the tomb called

H 21.

10213. Amulet (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the
glaze well preserved. H 28.

10214.* Amulet. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. Very small and badly moulded.
Represents Bes. H 36.

102x5. Amulet (PI. 55). Of carnelian, very small.

H36.

10216.* Bead. Of camelian, shape of poppy-seed,
one side flat. H 36.

10217.* Amulet. Of glazed potterj', the glaze well
preserved. Is a duplicate of 102 13 in form. H 39.

10218. Amulet (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the
glaze not well preserved. H 39.

10219. Amulet (PL 55). Of glazed pottery, the
glaze not well preserved. H 39.

10220.* Amulet. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. Was perhaps an uraeus, but is
chipped. H 68.

10221. Amulet (PI. 5s). Of glazed pottery, the
glaze not well preserved. H 6S.

10222.* I Amulets. In camelian, exactly similar

10223. y to 1022 1 in form, two are from tomb

10224. ) H 68.

10225. Amulet (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery, the
glaze well preserved. J 12.

10226.* Amulet. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. Is a duplicate of 10225 {cf. PI. 55)

J I-'-

10227.* Amulet. Of glazed pottery, the glaze

well preserved. Is a duplicate of 1023 1 (c/. PL 55).

J 12.

10228. Amulet (PL 55). Of glazed pottery, the

glaze well preserved. J 13.

10229.* Amulet. Of glass, made by fusing glass

rods of three colours, viz, yellow, blue, white.

Represents the hippopotamus goddess Taurt.

J 33-

10230. ) Amulets (PL 55'). Of glazed pottery, the

10231. \ glaze well preserved. J ii.

10232. I Amulets (PL 55). Of glazed pottery, the

10233. J glaze fairly well preserved. J 39-

10234. Amulet (PL 55). A figure of Ptah carved
in the round out of camelian. J 39-

10235. Amulet (PL 55). Of glazed pottery, the
glaze not well preserved. J 43.

10236.* Amulet. Of glazed pottery, the glaze
well preserved. Represents a flower, well
moulded. J 46-

10237.* Amulet. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. Represents a scorpion, well moulded.

J 46.

10238.* Amulet. Of glazed pottery, glaze well pre-
served. Represents a god in full face. Mould-
ing poor. J 46.

222

BUHEN

10239. Amulet (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery. Black
and white instead of the usual blue or blue-green.

J SO

10240. Amulet (PI. 55). Of glazed pottery. Is
a duplicate of 10239 but of green colour. J 50.

STRINGS OF BEADS

Some of which are illustrated on PI. 54.
These were generally found scattered in the
tomb. Where the original order is known it is ex-
plicitly stated. The shapes referred to are

gjQQija Wjijillliif

Lentoid.

Bugle.

Ovoid,

(d\m

Plate.

Pear.

Spheroid. Poppy Nasturtium
Seed. Seed.

10241. Very small glaze. Shape ring Colours light
green, light blue and yellow. H 4.

10242. Ill-formed glass. Shape bugle. Colour
originally light blue as shown by the fracture, sur-
face discoloured and iridescent. H 4.

10243. Unglazed steatite and green glaze. Shape

ring.

H 10.

10244. Brown glaze and white glaze. Shape
tubular with bevelled edges. H la.

10245. Unglazed steatite. Shape barrel.
Camelian. Shape spherical and one barrel.
Blue glass. Shape spherical and one barrel. H 34.

10246. Small camelian. Shape spheroid.
Unglazed steatite, large and small. Shape ring.
Eight small camelian pendants and two small

green glaze pendants in form of lotus buds and
one small camelian pendant in form of a fly. H 25.

10247. Unglazed steatite. Shapes barrel and ring.
Green glaze. Shape ring.

Blue glass. Shape spheroid.

One of green glass. Shape lentoid.

One of polychrome glass. Shape spheroid.

Two of polychrome glaze. Shape spheroid.

One camelian pendant. Shape poppy-seed.

One blacl* steatite bead. Shape cylinder.

One brown glaze eight-holed dividing piece.

H 26.

10248. Yeliow glaze. Shape "shortbread." H 26.

10249. Camelian pendants, shape poppy-seed,
spaced by camelian beads, shapes lentoid and
spherical (PI. 54). Found with 10248, but order
probably original. H 26.

10250. Small glaze, brick red. Shape ring. H 60.

10251. Small electrum. Shape ovoid (PI. 60). H 60.

10252. 1 wo large camelian pendants representing
a squatting god.

Two small, two medium and one large car-
nelian amulet. Shape poppy-seed.

One agate amulet. Shape poppy-seed.

One large and one small camelian amulet in
form of lotus-bud.

Small green glaze figures of Bes.

Polychrome glass beads. Shapes pulley, len-
toid, and spheroid.

Small camelian beads. Shapes discoid, spheroid,
tubular.

Small yellow glass and blue glass beads. Shape
spheroid.

Small green glass and blue glass beads, shape
lentoid.

Original order. (PI. 54.) H 60.

10253. Yellow glaze and black glaze. Small.
Shape ring. Original order. (PI. 54.) H 60.

10254. Polychrome glaze and glass beads with
eyemarkings. Shape spheroid and ovoid.

One small camelian. Shape ovoid.
One large white glass. Shape spheroid.
Original order. H 60.

10255. Small camelian and glass-paste beads.
Shape spherical. The colours of the glass-paste
are blue, white, and brown, marbled. (PI. 54).

H 67.

10256. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring.
Blue glaze. Shape plate.

Green glaze. Shape ring.

Brown glaze. Shape ring.

One of camelian. Shape spherical.

Two of camelian. Shape discoid.

A blue glaze eye. H 68.

10257. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring.
Brown glaze. Shape spheroid.
Black glaze. Shape spheroid.

Found together; order uncertain. H 73.

10258. Green glaze. Shape lentoid; found apart
from the last. H 73.

10259. Small glass beads. Shape rough spheroid
degenerating into ring. Colours yellow, green,
white, black. H 78.

10260A. White glaze. Shape barrel.
Green glaze. Shape barrel.

Camelian. Roughly shaped. H 78.

10260B. Glass. Colours yellow, white, black.
Shape rough spheroid degenerating into ring.

Nos. 102S9-10260B were all found mi.xed up
together. H 78.

10261. Green glaze, large. Shape "nasturtium-
seed." (PI. 54-) H 79.

10262. Camelian discoid beads.
Small ring and ovoid gold beads.

Four camelian amulets in form of beetle.

Seven camelian and three green glaze amulets
in form of lotus bud.

Small green glaze head of Bes with ankh on
reverse.

Small green glaze eye. (PI. 54.) H 80.

10263. Green glaze. Shape plate. Original order.

H 80.

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM NEW EMPIRE CEMETERIES 223

10264. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring.

Brown glaze. Shape ring. H 82.

10265. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring.
Black glaze. Shape spheroid.

One blue glaze, striated. Shape barrel.
Probably formed one string with 10264. H 82.

10266. Green glaze. Shapes ball and bugle
(PI. 54) H 95.

10267. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring.

Green glaze. Shape ring. H 95

10268. Blue glaze, small. Shape ring

Black glaze, small. Shape ring. H 96

X0269. Green glaze. Shape ring. H 99.

10270. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring.
Camelian. Shape spherical.

Blue glaze. Shape spherical. H 12.

10271. A number of small amulets spaced by
camelian and glaze beads. They include green
glaze amulets in form of fly, of baboon, of " Dad, "
of sacred eye, cat, beetle, hippopotamus; a
hawk of camelian, a scaraboid of steatite, a fine
uninscribed amethyst scarab and a fine unin-
scribed green felspar scarab. The beads are:

Green glaze. Shape ring.

Red glaze. Shape ring.

Camelian. Shapes ring and spheroid. Original
order. (PI. 54.) H 82.

10272A. Yellow and light blue glaze. Shape
ring.

Dark blue glaze. Shapes ring and spheroid.

J I

10272B. Red glaze beads. Shape barrel. J i.

10272C. Small dark blue glass and light blue
glaze. Shape ring. J i.

10272D. Light blue glass. Shape spheroid. Prob-
ably of Romano-Nubian date. J i.

10272E. Gilt glass. Shape spheroid with pear-
shaped pendants of quartz, camelian, haematite.
Romano-Nubian. J i.

10272F. Silvered glass. Shape spheroid. Romano-
Nubian. J I.

10272G. Green glass and red glass-paste. Shape
spheroid. Either Romano-Nubian or Early
Arabic. J i.

10273A. Black glass ball beads with white eye
spots. J I.

10273B. Blue glaze. Shape ring.
White glaze. Shape ovoid.
Blue glaze scaraboid, uninscribed. J 1.

10273c. Some steatite, blue glaze, amethy.st and
camelian beads and a blue glaze button-seal. J 7.

10274. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring.

Green glaze. Shape spheroid. J 16.

10275. Green glaze beads. Shapes ring with one
lentoid, one nasturtium -seed and one flat oval.

Three camelian amulets in form of fly, hawk,
and hippopotamus.

One green glaze amulet in form of hippopotamus.

J 26.

10276. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring. J 28.

10277A, B. Unglazed steatite. Shape nng J 36.

10278. Green glaze and camelian, small. Shape
tubular to spherical. J.

10279. Gold beads. Shapes, 7 cowroid, i nas-
turtium-seed, spaced by ring. Two gold amulets
in form of lion. (PI. 60.) J 37.

10280. A barrel-shaped gold bead.
A cowrie shell.

Two camelian pendants. Poppy-seed shaped

J 36

10281. Green glaze. Shape ring. J 39

10282. Green glaze, very small. Shape ring. J 43

10283. Brown glaze. Shape spheroid. J 48

10284. Unglazed steatite. Shape ring. J 48

KOHLPOTS, BOWLS, DISHES, OF BLUE
PAYENCE (see PI. 53).

10285. Kohlpot, without lid. Colour of the glaze
fairly well preserved. Height 0.55 m. H 6.

10286. Kohlpot in form of two tubes joined
together, without lid. Colour of the glaze well
preserved. Height o.i 12 m. H 18.

10287. Dish, painted inside with a rosette of
leaves, outside with a criss-cross pattern. Colour
of the glaze faded. Diameter 0.09 m. Height
0.03 m. H 18.

10288. Shallow saucer, no decoration. Colour of
the glaze well preserved. Diameter 0.093 n*-
(not illustrated). H 25.

10289. Bowl, painted inside with four fishes
swimming round a pool, outside with the root-
leaves of a water-plant. Colour of the glaze
entirely worn away. Diameter o. 118 m. Height
0.04 m. H 27.

10290. Stirrup-handled vase, imitating Mycenaean
type, painted with a zone of chevrons and with
horizontal bands. Handles broken away. Colour
of the glaze well preserved. Height 0.062 m.

H 80.

10291. Bowl, painted inside with fish and lotus
buds, outside with leaves. Colour of the glaze
almost worn away. Diameter o. 115. H 12.

10292. Saucer, painted inside with lotus flower
design. Colour of the glaze well preserved.
Diameter 0.098 m. J 20.

10293. Vase of the same shape as the stone
vase 10297. Surface much worn but colour of
the glaze still very brilliant in parts. Height
0.07 m. J 30.

10294. Bowl, painted inside with four fishes
swimming round a pool, outside with leaves of a
water-plant. Surface much worn, but bright
colour in places. Diameter o.io m. Height
0.04 m, J 30.

10295. Bowl, painted inside with a design of lotus
flowers. Surface damaged and colour worn
away. Diameter 0.095 ™- J 44 .

224

BUHEN

STONE VASES (see PI. 66).

10296. Alabaster vase. Height 0.157 m. H 10.

10297. Serpentine vase. Height 0.95 m. H 14.

10298. Steatite vase. Made in a single piece with
its ring-stand. Height 0.15 m. H 10.

10299. Alabaster pilgrim-bottle. Height 0.18. m.

H 60.

10300. Obsidian Kohlpot. Height 0.03 m. J. 24.
No. 10711, another stone vase illustrated in

PI. 66, is described below.

A complete series of the types of all stone vases
from H and J is given in PI. 67.

IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS OF METAL

Specimens marked with an asterisk are not
illustrated in the plates. The term "bronze" must
be taken to include copper, as no analyses have
been made.

10301. Bronze tweezers. Length 0.082 m. (PI. 64.)

H I.

10302. Bronze knife. Length 0.158 m. (PI. 63.)

H I.

10303. Bronze surgical instrument. Length
0.072 m. (PI. 64.) H 14.

10304.* Bronze tube. Diameter 0.023 m. Length
0.105 ni. H 15.

10305.* Bronze bodkin . Length o. 10 m. His.

10306. Bronze cutting-out knife. Length 0.128 m.
(PI. 63.) H 15.

10307.* Bronze tweezers. Length 0.047 i^- H 16.

10308. Bronze scissors. Length 0.075 "^- (P'- 64-)

H 17.

10309.* Bronze tweezers. Length 0.045 m. H ig.

10310. Bronze cleaver with wooden sheath. Length
0.155 m. (PL 63.) H.

10311. Bronze mirror, with handle in form of a
nude girl holding the ends of lotus-petals.
Length 0.175 "i- (PI- 6-) H 25

10312. Bronze mirror, with handle in form of a
nude girl advancing forward. Her right arm is
extended by her side, her left holds an apple
Length o. 21 m. (PI. 62.) H 60

10313. Bronze razor with bronze handle attached
Length of partly broken razor blade 0.115 m
Length of handle, measured vertically, 0.08 m
to junction with blade. (PI. 64.) H 36

10314. Bronze cutting-out knife. Length 0.162 m
(PI. 63.) H 63

10315.* Bronze bodkin. Length 0.128 m H 23
10316.* Bronze chisel, square in section with

flattened end. Length 0.078 m. H 63

10317.* Bronze tweezers, broken into two halves.

Length 0.09 m. H 63

10318.* Bronze tweezers. Length 0.056 m. H 65
1 03 1 9. Small bronze implement with triangular

blade Length 0.035 m. (PI. 64.) H 66

10320.* Bronze spearhead. Length 0.078 m. H 66
10321.* Bronze awl or borer. Lengtho.iom. H 68

10322.* Bronze tweezers. Length 0.05 m. H 68.
10323.* Bronze spearhead, broken at point.

Length 0.102 m. H 68.

10324.* Bronze bowl. Diameter o. 14 m. Height

0.4."; m. H 72.

10325A. Bronze cleaver. Length 0.13 m. (PI. 63.)

H 70.
10325B.* Bronze cutting-out knife, type of 10306

but broken. Present length 0.075 ™. H.

10326.* Bronze razor, type of 103 13. Length

0.145 m. H 74.

10327A. A silver torque with pendants made of

silver cowroid shells and bronze disks. Diameter

0.103 m. (PL 65.) H 96.

10327B,* C* A plain silver bracelet, and fragments

of another. H 96.

10328.* Whetstone. Length o.iim. Breadth

o. 109 m., and 0.015 m. H 12.

10329.* Bronze tweezers. Length o.io m. H 12.
10330.* Part of a bronze razor, type of 10313.

Length 0.095 '^. H 12.

10331.* Bronze cutting-out knife, type of 10332

and 103 14, a little broken at tip. Length o. 145 m.

H 12.
10332. Bronze cutting-out knife, lower half broken

away, length of remaining part 0.105 m. (PI. 63.)

H 12.
10333-* Bronze cutting-out knife, type of 10332,

a little broken at tip. Length 0.090 m.

H 12.
10334.* Bronze tweezers. Length 0.06 m. J i.
10335A.* Bronze needle. Length 0.093 ™. J '■
10335B.* Bronze needle. Length 0.093 m. J 12.
10336.* Lead bowl. Diameter 0.142 m. Depth

0.065 ^^- J 15*

I0337-* Bronze needle. Length 0.10 m. J 18.
10338. Iron chisel, with an iron ring for securing

it to a wooden handle (which has perished).

Length 0.248 m. Diameter of ring 0.031 m.

(PI- 63.) J 22.

I0339-* Part of a bronze needle. J 30.

10340.* Two bronze spirals, which may have been

earrings. Diameter 0.032 m. J 30-

10341. Bronze sword with ivory handle riveted

to the blade through some substance which -has

perished. Length 0.48 m. (PI. 51.) J 33 B.

10342.* Bronze mirror. Diameter 0.0S5 m. and

0.0S3 m. J 42.

10342B.* Bronze bowl. Height 0.08 m. Diameter

0.115 m. Romano-Nubian. J 43-

I0343'* Bronze cutting-out knife, type of 10332,

slightly broken at the tip. Length 0.193 m.

J 45-
10344.* Bronze razor, type of 10313, slightly
broken at the cutting end. Length 0.105 "''.

J 45-
I0345-* Bronze razor, type of 10313, slightly
broken at the cutting edge. Length 0.17 m.

J 45-

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM NEW EMPIRE CEMETERIES 225

10346.* Bronze razor, type of 10313, curved out
of shape. J 45-

10347A, B. Two amulets in the form of a fly with
head of electrum and wings of ivory. (PI. 51.)

J 33 B.

IVORY OR WOODEN OBJECTS

10348A, B. (Not illustrated.) A pair of ivory
wands in the form of a fore-arm terminating in a
hand. The fingers are well cut, the bracelets
indicated by incised lines. Above the bracelets
are six holes for attachment and at the end of the
wand is another hole. H.

10348C, D. (Not illustrated.) A pair of similar
wands, much decayed. H 82.

10349. Fragments of carved and inlaid wood,
including two figures of nude girls with baskets
on their heads. (PI. 64.) The inlay is in blue paste.

H25.
Also 10379 an ivory bracelet. External diame-
ter 0.056 m. J II-

CARNELIAN OR IVORY EARRINGS

(Not Illustrated)
10350-10402.* Rings. Except Nos. 10353, i°3 54i
10360, 10361, 10371-10377, 10379 they are of
camelian or else of ivory. They are of a kind
that has sometimes been called a "hair-ring"
from the idea that it was used to bind the hair
together. But they are ill adapted for this pur-
pose and it seems more probable that they were
simply earrings.

In section they are usually half-diamond
shaped, but sometimes the angle has been
polished down so as to give a rounded convex
surface. The angle of the half-diamond is often
decorated with a string pattern. The interior
edge is always straight in the camelian, but more
or less diamond-shaped in the ivory. The diame-
ters (external) vary from 0.012 m. to 0.022 m.

EARRINGS OF GOLD OR GILDED BRONZE
(Only Two Illustrated)

10353- Earring of thin gold beaten over a core.
External diameter 0.025 i"- (?'• *^°-) H 21.

10354. Earring of thin gold beaten into si.x hol-
low tubes. Height 0.013 m. Diameter 0.03 m.
(PL 60.) ' J 42-

10360.* Penannular earring of gilded bronze. H21.

10361.* Penannular earring of gilded bronze. H 21.

10371.* Plain bronze ring. Diameter 0.017 m.

H7S-

10372-5.* Four gilded bronze rings in the style of

10354, but made up of only four instead of six

tubes. Height 0.007 m. Diameter 0.021 m. H 74.

10376-7.* Two similar gilded bronze rings. H 106.

STUCCO MASKS (see PI. 61)
10403-10425 is a series of plaster masks of which
five representative specimens are illustrated on
PI. 6i. The general character of these is described
in the text (pp. 142, 166, 173): they probably
represent not the deceased person but Osiris.
They are smaller than life-size, the largest measur-
ing 0.085 rn- from eyebrow to chin, the smallest
about 0.040 m. The faces have been painted in
yellow, the eyes white and black, the head-dress
black and red. The finest example, which was
too fragile to carry, is illustrated in PI. 60 as it
lay in the grave.

POTTERY
The pottery of cemeteries H and J is illustrated
on PH. 45-50, 52, and 69. Pll. 49, 50, 52, and 69
show special classes of which we have figured
almost every rpeciraen that was found. Pll. 45-48
show the regular types of constant occurrence for
each of which it was sufficient to give one represent-
ative example. The illustrations are not arranged
in typological sequence, but only in an order
convenient for reference. The letter "S" stands
for "shape" and in the following descriptive cata-
logue "S" with a Roman numeral after it gives the
form of pot of which an example is to be seen in
Pll. 45-48. The letter "h" stands for "height,"
and "d" for "diameter." The pottery is wheel-
made unless otherwise stated. The letter "F"
followed by a numeral refers to the Romano-Nubian
types in Karanog, Vol. 4. The pottery in PI. 69
is Romano-Nubian.

10426. S ix. /;. 0.405 m. PI. 46. H i.
Rather coarse red clay, natural surface, fairly

smooth.

10427. S xix. h. 0.22 m. PI. 46. ■ H i.
Reddish-drab day, creamy-white slip flared in

spots to pink.

10428. S xxii. /;. 0.055 m. d. 0.16 m. H i.
Red clay; haematite wash inside and out;

inside brilliantly burnished.

10429. S xxii. k. 0.065 rn- d. 0.145 m. H i.
Fine red clay; haematite wash inside well

burnished, and outside on straight rim. Choco-
late band round rim.

10430. S XXXV. h. 0.1 1 m. PL 47. H.
Red clay; smooth surface showing traces of

haematite wash and black bands.

10431. S xxiv. k. 0.04 m. d. 0.085 rn. PI. 47.
Pinkish ware; light red slip surface. H 3.

10432. S li. A. o.n m. H 3.
(Fragment) mud-coloured clay, haematite wash,

lightly burnished.

10433. S xliii. /8.0.24 m. PI. 48. H 3.
Rough reddish muddy clay, the surface covered

with a pinkish-white slip which has largely dis-
appeared.

226

BUHEN

10434. S Ivi. A 0.17501. H 3.

Rough red clay, the surface covered with
creamy-white slip and lightly burnished.
10435- F vii. h. 0.235 m. PI. 69. H 4.

Muddy grey clay burned to brownish- and
blackish-grey in patches. Incised pattern of
Vandykes made with roulette, cross-hatching and
zigzags. Handmade; smooth parts lightly bur-
nished. Romano-Nubian.

10436. F vii. h. 0.18 m. PI 69. H 4.
Mud-coloured clay burned greyish. Punctured

design of lozenges and cross-hatching and rudi-
mentary animal. By same maker as 10437,
10625, 10627. Handmade. Romano-Nubian.

10437. F vii. h. 0.245 m. PI. 69. H 5.
Mud-coloured clay, burned to blackish-grey.

Punctured design of zigzags, lozenges, and rudi-
mentary animal. An exact comparison (except
for lowest line of ornament) to 10625. Handmade.
Romano-Nubian.

10438. S xiv. h. 0.185 m PI. 46. H 5.
Red clay washed over with engobbage of same.

10439. F ''ix. h. 0.24 m. H 6.
Red clay, natural surface below, pink wash

above. Romano-Nubian.

10440. S xxii. h. 0.055 '"■ '^- °"^ "''• H ^•
Red clay; haematite wash inside and out;

inside brilliantly burnished.

10441. S Hi. h. 0.07 m. d. 0.12 m. PI. 48. H 6
Rough red-brown clay; light pinkish haematite

wash.

10442. S xxxii. h. 0.125 ni. PI. 47. H 6.
Red clay; creamy-drab slip flared to orange-
pink; string-hanger pattern in orange-red.

10443. S xxxiii. h. 0.09 m. PI. 47. H 8.
Rough red clay, haematite-washed and well

burnished.

10444. S xxiii. h. 0.185. d. 0.27 m. PI. 47. H to
Flat- bottomed shallow bowl. Red clay; inside

haematite-washed and well burnished.

10445. S xlii. h. o.ii m. PI. 48. H 10.
Reddish clay, drab surface with good brown

varnish design.

10446. S xxxvii. h 013 m PI 47. H 10.
Light red clay, deep red haematite wash, sur-
face well burnished; triangle designs in black on
base of neck and shoulder.

10447. S xxxvi. /;. 0.135 ni P' 47 H 10.
Red clay; light buff slip, string-holder design

in purplish-black with red band between black
at base of neck.

10448. S XXX. /1.0.105 m. (i. 0.19 m. PI. 47. H 10.
Rough muddy red clay; round rim inside and

out a broad band of white paint.

10449. S iv. h. 0.30 m. PI. 45. H 12.
Creamy-drab ware with engobbage of same.

10450. S xi. h. 0.215 m. PI. 46. H 12.
Reddish-brown clay, smooth surface, haematite

wash.

10451. S viii. h. 0.50 m PI. 46. H 12.
Rough muddy red clay, plain.

10452. S viii. h. 0.56 m. H 12.
Rough light-coloured muddy red clay; the

surface fairly smooth, string impression round
widest part.
10453- S xvi. h. o 20 m. H 13.

Red clay; natural surface.
10454. S .xviii. h. 0.16 m. PI. 46. H 13.

Mud-coloured clay, rather light haematite wash;
smooth but not burnished.
10455- S XXXV. h. 0.075 n^ H 14-

Red clay, drab slip whereon string-hanger
design in black. Surface nearly all gone.

10456. Ii. 0.32 m. H 15.
Light whitish-arab clay, natural surface.

10457. S xxxii. h. 0.135 m. H 15.
Light pinkish clay, natural surface with hori-
zontal burnishing; string-hanger pattern in black.

10458. S .xxxvi. h. 0.095 rn- H 15.
Handle missing; on bufl clay white slip with

black string-hanger pattern, very roughly done.

10459. S xxxii. h. o 085 m. H 15.
Light clay, pale haematite wash; horizontal

burnishing; 3 sets of horizontal rings in black,
much faded.

10460. S xxxix. h. 0.125 m. H 15.
Pinkish-drab clay with perfectly plain engob-
bage of same.

10461. S xvi. h. 0.145 ™- H 16.
Red clay, haematite wash, poor surface.

10462. S vii. h. 0.245 m. H 16.
Reddish mud-coloured clay, haematite wash,

smooth but not burnished.

10463. S xxxi. h. 0.12 m. H 16.
Light drab-gray ware, natural surface (the

'characteristic' greenish-drab ware).

10464. S xxxv. h. 0.155 "^ H.
Light red clay; very thin haematite wash,

slight horizontal burnishing. Horizontal bands
and row of spots in black.

10465. S xxxi. h. 0.16 m. PI. 47. H 16.
Drab clay, creamy-buff slip with design in

reddish -brown. Surface very well preserved but
one side burned black.

10466. S xxxiii. h. 0.08 m. H 16.
Muddy grey clay; light orange-red haematite

wash, surface a good deal burned and decayed.

10467. S xxxi. h. 0.065 n^- ^ 16.
Mud-coloured clay; haematite wash brilliantly

burnished. Surface a good deal decayed and
rim all broken away.

10468. S xxxv. h. 0.075 "^- H '6-
Brownish clay; haematite wash, slightly bur-
nished.

10469. S xxxv. h. 0.13 m. H i6.
Pinkish-buff surface whereon string-hanger

pattern in reddish -brown. Inside and part of
outside stained deep black.

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM NEW EMPIRE CEMETERIES 227

10470. S xxii. h. 0.05 m. d. 0.145 ™- ^ 17.
Mud-coloured clay, haematite wash inside and

out; inside brilliantly burnished.

10471. F Ixxii. h. 0.145 m. H 17.
Very light pinkish-drab clay, smooth surface,

red haematite wash partly decayed. Romano-
Nubian.

10472. F V. h. 0.115 m. PI. 69. H 17.
Dark grey ware partly burnt to black.

Smooth punctured concentric circles on shoulder.
Romano-Nubian.

10473. S ii. ^ 0.64 m. PI. 45- H 18.
Light pinkish clay; good smooth surface, cov-
ered with creamy-drab wash.

10474. S Ivi. /1.0.14 m. H 18.
Light drab clay; surface all perished.

10475. S xvi. h. 0.20 m. H i8.
Red ciay, natural surface.

10476. S xlvi. /:. 0.135 m. PI. 48. H 39.
Pink clay, smooth surface, unburnished.

10477. S XV. h. 0.33 m. H 19.
(Like 10586 but without rim.) Rough red

clay, natural colour.

10478. F xxxii. h. 0.22 m. H 21.
Light red clay; orange haematite wash.

10479. S xxxii. /). 0.085 m. H 21.
Red clay, light yellow slip flaring to pink,

whereon string-hanger pattern in chocolate.

10480. SI. /t. 0.17 m. PI. 48. H 21.
Mud-coloured ware, natural surface.

10481. S xxii. h. 0.065 ™ '^- 0.185 "^ P' 47-

H 21.
Deep red clay, inside haematite washed and
lightly burnished, outside rough.

H 21.

lightly burnished.
h. 0.23 m. H 23.

H 23.
brilliantly

10482. S xxxiii. h. 0.06 m.

Red clay, haematite wash
Z0483. S xviii. Fragments

Red clay, natural surface.

10484. S xxxii. h. 0.06 m.
Mud-coloured clay, haematite wash

burnished but mostly perished.

10485. S xxxii. h. 0.155 ni- H 43.
Muddy red clay, haematite faced and burnished

in horizontal rings.

10486. S xii. h. 0.19 m. PI. 46. H 24.
Red clay, light haematite wash; two impressed

string-bands round body. A little vertical
burnishing.

10487. S liii. /1.0.22 m. PI. 48. H 25.
Rough muddy clay, haematite washed and

brilliantly burnished.

10488. S xxxi. /i. 0.135 m. H 25.
Light red ware with very smooth natural sur-
face, whereon string-hanger pattern in rather
faded purplish-black.

10489. S xxi. h. 0.195 m. PI. 47. H 25.
Red clay, natural surface. Base very rough,

as usual.

10490. F iv. h. 0.14 m. PI. 69. H 23.
Deep black ware, fairly well burnished, with

punctured neck-band and tassels. Romano-
Nubian.

10491. S viii. h. 0.23 m. H 25.
Red clay, natural surface.

10492. S xxiii. h. 0.075 ™- 'i- °'23 rn. PI. 47.

H 26.
Red clay, natural surface; broad band of
haematite wash round rim inside and outside.

10493. S — . h. 0.24 m. PI. 50. H 26.
Smooth red clay with engobbage of same

rather light in colour.

10494. S xlvii. h. 0.15 m. PI. 48. H 26.
Light red ware, natural surface well smoothed.

10495. S xxi. "Cannon-pot." H 28.
(Broken.) Rough red clay.

10496. S iii. h. 0.265 m. H 28.
Brown mud-coloured clay with haematite wash

over neck and shoulders, leaving base in natural
colour.

10497. S xiii. h. o 135 m. PI. 46. H 33.
Light rather fine red clay, natural surface.

10498A. S Ivii. PI. 49. H 33.

Neck of a vase similar to 10499.
10498B. Fragments of a larger example. P'. 49.

H33-

10499. S Ivii. It. 0.14 m. PH. 48, 49. H 33.
Mud-coloured clay, flaky nature, burned red-
dish-black and lightly burnished.

10500. S XXXV. h. 0.12 m. H 33.
Light clay, pinkish-drab. Red haematite wash,

well burnished, string-hanger pattern in black.
Surface a good deal decayed.

10501. S Ivii. h. 0.13 m. PI. 49. H 40.
Creamy-drab surface, design in matt chocolate

brown (perished on one side). Drab clay.

10502. S xvi. h. 0.163 m. H 45.
Red clay; natural surface.

10503. S liv. h. 0.12 m. PI. 48. H 45.
Reddish clay; light haematite wash. Panel

design in black with red between double bands.
Surface much decayed.

10504. S xxxii. h. 0.13 m. H 45.
Red clay, light buff slip; string-hanger pattern

in reddish-purple.

10505. S — . PI. 50. H 45-
Black topped bowl.

10506. S xxxvii. h. 0.123 m. H 45.
Light pinkish clay, red h.iematite wash, slightly

burnished. Design, string-hanger, in black, mostly
perished.

10507. S Ivi. h. 0.13 m. H 60.
Drab clay, surface perished; design of brown

circles and cross bands almost all gone.

10508. S Ivi. /j. 0.165 m. H 60.
Reddish clay, once covered with greyish-white

slip whereon concentric circles in brown. Almost
all surface gone.

228

BUHEN

10509. S XV. h. 0.26 m. PI. 46. H 60. I
Red clay; natural surface.

10510. S xvi. /;. 0.14 m. H 62.
Light red clay, natural surface roughly pitted.

10511. S li. /!. 0.21m. PI. 48. H 63.
Reddish muddy clay, haematite washed and

brilliantly burnished.

10512. S viii. /;. 0.30 m. H 63.

10513. S xxii. h. 0.053 n^- 'i- °-^65 '^- H 63.
Mud-coloured clay; haematite wash inside and

outside; inside brilliantly burnished.

10514. S XXXV. h. 0.145. H 63.
Coarse mud-coloured clay burned red outside;

engobbage and haematite wash well burnished.
Surface rather decayed. Broken and part of
neck missing.

10515. S XXXV. /;. O.I I m. H 63.
Red clay; creamy slip flared pink, largely

perished; string-hanger pattern in black.

10516. S xxxiii. /(. 0.075 ™- H.
Red clay, creamy-white slip, mostly decayed.

Handle gone.

10517. S xxxvi. h. 0.135 m. H 65.
Mud-coloured clay. White slip, rather thick,

painted red all over, with string-hanger design in
purple. Surface a good deal destroyed.

10518. S xxxvi. h. 0.115 m. H 65.
Red clay. White slip, rather thick, painted

red all over, with string-hanger design in purple.
Surface much decayed.

10519. S Ivi. h. 0.20 m. PI. 48. H 60.
Grey-drab clay, creamy slip with concentric

circles in brown paint.

10520. S XV. 'j. 0.23 m. H 68.
Red clay; a slight haematite wash carelessly

applied near mouth.

10521. F V. h. 0.25 m. H.
Plain red burnished ; black band round neck.

10522. S xxvi. /z. 0.16 m. H.
Reddish mud-coloiu-ed clay bm-nt almost

black, with roughly incised diamond pattern
round upper part.
10523A. S vii. /;. 0.2S m. H 74.

Mud-coloured clay, smooth, haematite wash.
10523B. h. 0.28 m. H 74.

Precisely similar. Red clay; natural surface.

10524. S xxxii. h. 0.123 m. H 74.
Light ])inkish clay. Creamy slip whereon

string-hanger pattern in black. Surface nearly
all gone.

10525. S liii. /;. 0.16 m. H 74.
Fragment (base gone). Red clay; natural

surface.

10526. S xxxv(?). h. o.io m. H 74.
Red clay; natural surface.

10527. S Ivii. /;. 0.1 1 m. PI. 4q. H 74.
Tell-^l-Yahudieh pot, slender, with long

panels of punctured design; red ware; hollow
knob-foot.

10528. S xxii. h. 0.0S5 m. d. 0.15. m. H 74.
Rather muddy red clay; haematite wash inside

and out; inside well burnished.

10529. S xxvi. h. o.og m. H 74.
Light red clay, pink wash.

10530. S xxii. h. 0.055 n^- 'i- o-i.'iS rn- H 74.
Red clay, haematite washed inside and outside,

and the inner surface well burnished.

10531. S xxii. h. 0.05 m. d. 0.165 m. H 74.
Muddy red clay, haematite washed inside and

ovit, and the inner surface brilliantly burnished.

10532. S X. h. 0.223 J"- H 74-
Orange-red clay, light rather pinkish haematite

wash, smooth but not bvirnished.
10533- S xxxiv. h. o.io m. PI. 47. H 74.

Mud-coloured clay bvirned red in outer section.
Creamy slip flared to pink; design in black with
red lines between double black bands. A good
deal faded.
10534. S xxii. /i. 0.065 m. rf. o.iS m. H 74.

Red clay, haematite wash, inside finely bur-
nished.
I0535' S xxvi. /;. 0.093 '"^- P^- 47- H 74.

Red clay, natural surface; make and finish
very rough.

10536. S XXXV. h. 0.085 ™- H 74.
Light red clay, natural surface.

10537. S XXXV. /1.0.14 m. H 74.
Red clay; creamy slip whereon string-hanger

pattern in black. Surface almost all gone.

10538. S X. h. 0.50 m. H 74.
Red clay; natural smoothed surface.

10539. S Ixvii. h. 0.095 m. PI. 48. H 74.
Red clay; light pinkish engobbage, scratched

zigzag pattern.

10540. S Ivii. Fragment, h. 0.13 m. PI. 49. H 74.
Flaky grey-black ware, black surface lightly

burnished between inci.sed panels.
10541,. S xxiv. h. 0.035 T^- '^- °-°^5 "1- H 74.
Light red clay; creamy slip. Surface a good
deal decayed.
10542. S vi. /;. 0.41 m. PL 45. H 74.

Creamy-drab cla}', natural surface smooth but
not burnished; scratched pattern.
IOS43- S XXXV. h. 0.06 m. H 74.

Mud-coloured clay, light haematite wash, not
burnished.

10544. S xi. h. 0.23 m. H 75,
Rough muddy red clay, haematite wash.

10545. S xii. h. 0.235 m. H 75.
Coarse red clay with engobbage and haematite

wash. Not bm-nished.

10546. S xii. k. 0.28 m. H 75.
Rough muddy clay; surface covered with

haematite engobbage, which has largely dis-
appeared.

10547. S Ivii. (0.115 m.) PI. 49- H 76.
Black ware, very large, rather flaky clay,

wheel-rolled incisions.

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM NEW EMPIRE CEMETERIES 229

10548. S xi. /t. 0.17 m. H 78.
Rough mud-coloured clay; the sliouldcrs once

haematite- washed, b-at the colour has almost
entirely perished.

10549. S xxxi. h. 0.16 m. H 78.
Light red clay; creamy slip flared to pink

almost all over.

10550. S x.xxii. h. 0.0S5 m. H 78.
Light clay smoothly worked with cream-
coloured engobbage surface.

10551. S xxi.x. /j.o.o35ni. rf.o.ioin. PI. 47. H 79.
Mud-coloured clay, i-ather micaceous. Roughly

made, natural surface.
10552A. S V. h. 0.4S m. PI. 45. H 79.

Very coarse mud-coloured clay, full of vege-
table matter; haematite wash, almost all perished.
10552B. S Ixviii. H 79.

Broken. Muddy red clay with haematite wash.
I0553- S xi. PI. 48. H 79.

Broken. Light red clay, haematite wash, not
burnished.
10554. S xxviii. h. 0.085 ni- d. 0.12 m. H 79.
Mud-coloured clay, slightly micaceous, natural
surface; very narrow red paint band round rim.
I0555- S xxviii. h. 0.075 m. d. 0.12 m. PI. 47.

H79.
Mud-coloured clay, slightly micaceous; natural
surface; very narrow red paint band around
extreme rim.

10556. S i. h. 0.54 m. PI. 45. H 80.
Drab clay with burnished cream-coloured

slip; neck broken. One handle strengthened
anciently with lump of white cement.

10557. S XX. h. 0.26 m. H So.
Rough red clay, natural surface.

10558. S xli. h. o.io m. H 80.
Mycenaean vase. Buff surface; good brown

varnish design.

10559. S V. h. 0.26 m. H 83.
Rough red clay, the colour slightly strengthened

by haematite. Not burnished.

10560. S xxii. h. 0.06 m. d. 0.17 m. H 83.
Red clay, haematite wash inside and out;

inside brilliantly burnished.

10561. S xxi.x. h. 0.07s m. d. 0.265 "i. H 83.
Shallow flat-bottomed bowl. Mud-coloured

clay; inside washed with haematite and lightly
burnished .

10562. S vii. /;. 0.275 ™- H 83.
Greenish-drab ware, smooth natural surface.

10563. S xxxvii. h. 0.155 m. PI. 50. J 2.
Red clay, haematite wash, brilliantly burnished.

On neck, two gazelles eating a bu.sh. On body,
string-hanger pattem. Design in black lines.

10564. S xxxvii. h. 0.16 m. PI. 50. J 2.
Red clay, haematite wash, brilliantly bur-
nished. On neck, two gazelles eating a bush.
On body, string-hanger pattem. Design in
black spots.

10565. S xxviii. h. 0.065 in- d- 010 rn. J 3.
Red clay, smooth natural surface. Very

thick fabric.

10566. S Ixx. /j. 0.05 m. rf. o.iim. PI. 48. J. 4.
Light pink clay, red haematite; surface (rather

uneven) .

10567. S vii. h. 0.39 m. PL 46. J 5.
Rough muddy red clay, natural surface.

10568. F xLx. h. 0.22 m. J 9.
Smooth brownish clay ; liaematite wash on

surface; not burnished.

10569. S Ivi. h. 0.14 m. J 9.
Pilgrim bottle; light reddish clay, smooth

engobbage of same; no paint.

10570. S xxii. h. 0.05 m. d. 0.16 m. J "■
Muddy red clay, haematite wash inside and

out; inside brilliantly burnished.

10571. S XXV. /1.0.04 m. d. o.ii m. PI. 47. J II.
Light clay covered with creamy-brown wash,

and burnished inside.

10572. S xvii. h. 0.28 m. PI. 46. J ii.
Rough muddy clay full of vegetable matter;

surface roughly washed with haematite. Hand-
made.

10573. S vii. /;. 0.23 ra. J 12.
Red clay, natural surface.

10574. S xxxix. h. 0.175 m. P'- 47- J '2.
Rough reddish clay; surface covered with

thick creamy-white slip and burnished.
10575- S iii. /;. 0.395 m. J 13.

Red clay, natural surface, smoothed but not
burnished.

10576. S xix. h. 0.22 m. J 13.
Very coarse mud-coloured clay, with engobbage

and haematite wash; rim broken.

10577. S xxvii. h. o.og m. d. 0.14 m. PI. 47.

J U-
Red clay, haematite- washed, with perpendicular
pebble burnishing.

10578. S xvi. h. 0.165 >"■ J 14-
Mud-coloured clay; light red haematite wash

mostly perished; not burnished.

10579. S xxxi. h. 0.20 m. J 14.
Light pinkish-drab clay, smooth natural sur-
face.

10580. S xxxvii. h. 0.155 ni- J 'S-
Red clay; haematite wash brilliantly bur-
nished; string-hanger design in black.

10581. S XXXV. h. 0.15 m.

Light reddish clay, buff slip flared to pink,
horizontal bands of faded black.

10582. S xx.xvii. h. 0.13 m. J 15.
Red clay; haematite wash lightly burnished;

very faint traces of string-hanger pattern with
crossed bars, in blue and black.

10583. S xl. h. 0.195 m. PI. 47. J 15.
Two loop-handles at sides broken. Roughish

red clay; surface covered with creamy- white slip
(flared in places to pink) and highly burnished.

230

BUHEN

10584. S xvi. h. 0.315 m. PI. 46. J 17.
Rough red clay, natural engobbage surface

smooth and rather light in colour.

10585. S vii. h. 0.265 m. J 18.
Red clay, haematite wash, smooth but not

burnished.

10586. S X. h. 0.29 m. J 18.
Rough red clay washed over with haematitic

engobbage, and smoothed but not burnished.

10587. S X. h. 0.205 m- PI- 46. J 18.
Red clay, smooth surface, haematite wash, not

burnished.

10588. S xxxiii. h. 0.06 m. J 18.
Rough light red clay, natural surface.

10589. S XX. h. 0.275 I"- PI- 47- J 18.
Reddish mud-coloured clay, with engobbage of

same; no colouring matter.

10590. S vii. h. 0.25 m. J 18.
Red clay, haematite wash; not burnished.

10591. S XXXV. k. 0.09 m. J 18.
Drab clay; natural surface.

10592. S XXXV. h. 0.115 m. J 18.
Drab clay; creamy- white slip whereon bands

in sepia. Surface very well preserved.

10593. S xli. k. o.io m. PI. 48. J 20.
Mycenaean vase. Reddish clay, creamy-buff

surface, very fine brown and black varnish.

10594. S xxxvi. h. 0.135 m- J 20.
Red clay, creamy-white slip whereon string-
hanger pattern in chocolate black. Surface well
preserved.

10595. S Ivii. h. 0.105 m. PI. 49. J 21.
Slaty clay, burnt red towards surface. Sur-
face black, with wheel punctured patterns; neck
gone and ground down; handle gone.

10596. S V. h. 0.24 m. J 21.
Reddish mud-coloured clay; haematite wash;

not burnished. Broken.

10597. S viii. h. 0.21 m. J 22.
Reddish mud-coloured clay, smooth, and

haematite wash; not burnished.

10598. S Ui. h. 0.045 m. d. 0.08 m. J 26.
Red clay, smooth natural surface.

10599. S lii. h. 0.055 rn- d.. 0.095 r"- J 26.
Precisely similar to last; red clay, smooth

natural surface.

10600. F xix. h. 0.08 m. J 27 A.
Smooth light red clay, natural surface. Ro-
mano-Nubian.

10601. S Ivii. Fragment. PI. 49. J 27.
Not flaky; grey ware, black surface, well

burnished between incised panel.

10602. F xxxii. h. 0.135 m. J 27 A.
Light red clay, natural surface, unburnished.

Romano-Nubian.

10603. S Iv. /, 0.195 "1- 'i- o-io m- PI- 48. J 28.
Bird-vase; mud-coloured clay, haematite-
washed. On each wing of the bird are two
chicks.

10604A. S Iv. J aS.

Precisely similar to the last.
10604B. S Iv. J 28.

Similar to last but with only one chick above
each wing; feathers roughly marked in white on
red.

10605. S x.xxviii. h. 0.18 m. PI. 47. J 30.
Light pinkish clay, red haematite wash

brilliantly burnished. Design in blue black.

10606. S xxxvi. h. 0.20 m. J 30.
Light red ware, creamy-pink slip, string-
hanger design in purplish-black ; red line between
double bands at base of neck. Handle broken.

10607. S xliv. h. 0.19 m. PI. 48. J 30.
Handmade; roughish light clay with rather

light pink haematite wash; stripes and spots in
blue-black.

10608. S xlviii. h. 0.15 m. PI. 48. J 32.
Red clay, haematite wash, deep red, not

burnished; double horizontal lines in black.

10609. S Iviii. h. 0.125 ni- P'L 48, 52. J 33 B.
Thin finely burnished ware, black inside; on

the outside, the rim black, the lower part red,
with a wavy grey line separating the two colours.

10610. S Iviii. h. 0.115 m. PI. 52. J 33 B.
Similar to last.

10611. S Iviii. h. 0.1 15 m. PI 52. J 33 B.
Similar.

10612. S Iviii. h. 0.1 15 m. PI. 52. J 33 B.
Similar.

10613. S h'iii. h. 0.07 m. PI. 52. J 33 B.
Similar.

10614. S li.-c. h. 0.120 m. Pll. 48, 52. J 33 B.
Similar ware.

10615. S Iviii. h. 0.065 r" '^ 0.18 m. PI. 53.

J 33 B.

10616. S — . h. 0.105 "^- PI- 52-

Coarse clay with haematitic surface, not burned
black as in the other vessels from the tomb. J 3 3 B.

10617. S Ivii. h. o.ii m. PI. 49. J 38.
Black ware partly burnt on the outside to

brown; zones of rough punctured linear filling
between burnished vertical bands; part of handle
and of body missing.
10617B. J 38.

Fragments of another vase of same ware.

10618. S xlv. h. 0.125 "1- PL 48. J 35.
Whitey-drab clay, natural surface, whereon

horizontal bands in purple paint.

10619. S Ivii. h. 0.105 ™- PL 49. J 37.
Finely burnished haematitic red ware, no

pattern.

10620. S XX. J 39.
Coarse muddy red clay.

10621. S Ivii. h. 0.95 m. PL 49. J 41.
Black-grey ware, flaky, incised design.

10622. S Ivii. Fragment, h. o.ii m. PL 49. J 41.
Black-grey ware, flaky, lightly burnished in

bands between incised panels.

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM NEW EMPIRE CEMETERIES 231

10622B. S Ivii. Fragment. PI. 49. J 41.

Flaky clay, grey-black, black surface, smooth
bands lightly burnished.

10623. S Ivii. PI. 4Q. J 41.
Handle and part of body, flaky grey-black

clay, dark grey surface, white filling.

10624. S xxii. d. 0.14 m. J 4»-
Haematitic burnished red ware.

10625. F vii. h. 0.22 m. PL 69. J 43.
Mud-coloiu-ed clay burned to blackish-grey.

Punctured decoration of zigzags, lozenges, and
rudimentary animals. E.xact companion to 10457.
Handmade. Romano-Nubian.
10626A, B. S Iviii. PI. 50. J 46.

Fragments of black-topped cups of good
quality and burnish.

10627. F vii. k. 0.245 "^- F'- 69- J 43-
Mud-coloured clay burned greyish. Punctured

design of lozenges, cross-hatching, and rudi-
mentary animal; by same hand] as 10436 q. v.
Romano-Nubian.

10628. S XV. It. 0.20 m. J 46.
Red clay, upper part haematite- washed: not

burnished.

10629. S XV. h. 0.245 "^- J 4^-
Same shape as 10628. Red clay, rough cream-
coloured wash.

10630. Fragments of black-topped goblets. J 46.

10631. S xxiii. h. 0.045 rn- '^- °-iS° ™- H 80.
Light mud-coloured clay; all inside, and the

outside except for centre, washed haematite;
not burnished. Very flat rovind-bottomed
platter.

10632. F xix. It. o.oH m. J 4 (?).
Red clay; light buff -slip; variant of type,

having pointed base.

10633. S xii. h. 0.055 "1-

Rough reddish clay, haematite- washed, not
burnished. Surface all decayed.

10634. S x.xii. It. 0.06 m. d. 0.135 ^'^- B 2.
(Same shape as 10470.) Smooth red clay,

slightly micaceous, natural surface.

10635. S Ixix. It. 0.03 m. d. 0.075 m. PI. 48.

J I-

Reddish clay, very roughly made.

10636. S xxxvi. ,^

Plain red clay, burnished haematitic surface.

10637. S iii. k. 0.41 m. PI. 45.
Mud-coloured clay with light haematite wash.

Not burnished.

10638. S ii. h. 0.61 m. H 78.
Light pinkish clay, good surface, rem.iins of

drab wa.sh. (Same shape as 10478; top broken.)

10639. S XXXV. It. 0.09 m.

Red clay, cream-coloured slip whereon hori-
zontal bands in black and dark red.

10640. F v. " H 8 (?).
(Broken.) Orange-red below; round neck,

black rims on yellow.

10641. S viii. k. 0.40 m. H.
Red clay, natural surface, slightly micaceous.

10642. S x.xxii. k. 0.13 m.

Light reddish clay, creamy-buff slip, flared to
pink; horizontal burnishing lines; design in faded
black.

10643. S xiv. /i. 0.17 m. H aS.
Rough red clay, natiu-al surface.

10644. S XX. k. 0.26 m.

Clay muddy red, natural surface.

10645. S Ivii. Fragment. PI. 49. H 76.
Unburnished black with wheel-rolled incision;

clay not very flaky.

10646. P vii. k. 0.24 m. PI. 69. H 4.
Reddish mud-coloured clay, burnt to dark

grey. Surface almost entirely covered with
faint punctured pattern of lozenges, etc. Hand-
made ware.

10647. S .xli.x. k. 0.135 m. PI. 48. H 10.
Rough mud-coloured clay, full of vegetable

matter; natural surface.

10648. F vii. Fragment. H ai.
Black incised ware.

VARIOUS OBJECTS NOT ILLUSTRATED
UNLESS EXPLICITLY STATED.

\: } T-o

10649A.

10640B i '^^'^ wooden mallets. /. 0.325 m. J 14.

10650. Bronze tube. /. 0.090 m. d. 0.008 m. H.
Evidently had been a handle (perhaps of a

mirror?).

10651. An ivory draughtsman. k. o.oog m.
d. 0.016 m. H 4.

10652. Turned wooden kohlpot without lid.
k. 0.070 m. d. 0.020 m. H 5.

10653. Breccia eye. /. 0.048 m. H 10.

10654. Bronze spatula. /. 0.067 m. H 10.

10655. Long tubular kohlpot of steatite, lidless.
/. o. I 16 m. H 10.

10656. Hemispherical object of white limestone,
perforated as if for head of a staff, d. 0.073 "i-

H la.

10657A. Portion of a wooden plaque, perhaps from

lid of a box, engraved with full face figure of Bes

wearing head-dress; now measures about 0.050 m.

by 0.048 m. H 12.

10657B. A wooden armlet. External d. 0.085 m.

by 0.075 "^- Internal 0.036 m. H la.

Plain, unomamented, section discoid.

10658. Long tulmlar wooden kohlpot, lidless.
/. 0.130 m. E.xternal d. 0.020 m. J 15.

Ornamented with several vari.itions of chevron
pattern.

10659. Fragments of a bowl of blue fayence,
painted with rough lozenge patterns in black.

H i8.

10660. Oblong steatite mould for casting some
glaze ornament. /. 0.065 m. H 34.

232

BUHEN

lo65i. Stud or boss of carnelian. h, o.oii m.
maximum d. o.oii m. H 25.

Shape of small truncated cone, perhaps a
draughtsman.

10662. Hemispheroid object of white limestone,
exactly similar to 10656. d. 0.066 m. H 25.

10663. Bracelet of steatite, "plate" form in sec-
tion. External d. 0.083 m. Internal d. 0.040 m.

H 26.

10664. Head of duck carved in ivorv. /. 0.055 ^^-

H30.
Bored at one end on the other side for fitting
on to some object.

10665. ~) Plain bands of bronze, probably the bind-
10665A. >• ing of some object which has perished
10665B. ) d. 0.026 m. H 30

10666. Large shell. H 60

10667. Small oval slate palette, plain. /. 0.070 m

H63
10668A, B. Objects exactly like 1066 1, perhaps
draughtsmen, the one in carnelian, the other in
greyish stone, h. 0.09 m. to o.oio m. d. 0.013 m.

H 64.

10669. Portions of a bronze implement. H 65.

10670. Haematite kohlstick. /. 0.064 m. H.

10671. Large ivory boss (from some perished
wooden object). H.

10672. Three carnelian earrings of the smallest
size. H.

10673. Six ivorv earrings of varying dimensions.

10674. Half of a blue fayence bowl decorated in
black with a design of lotuses and ducks. H 70.

10675. Small funnel of black pottery, d. 0.042 m.

H 78.

10676. Copper disc. d. 0.036 m. H 79.

10677. Amulet of lapis lazuli representing two
hawks on a stand facing one another, h. 0.013 m.
(Figured on PI. 55.) H 79.

10678A. A plaque of steatite glazed bright blue
and broken anciently; it measures 0.095 ''^- tiy
0.078 m. J 1 1-

10678B. A piece from it had been roughly chipped
to form of bird. This is 0.060 m. in maximum
length. J. II.

10679A. A wooden kohlstick. /. 0.115 m. J 12.

10679B. Part of a similar wooden kohlstick. J. 12.

10680. Wooden kohlpot in form of a palm column.
/. 0.1 10 m. J 12.

10681. Base of a wooden headrest. /. 0.028 m.

J 15-

10682. Stone object, measuring 0.030 m. by
0.027 m. by 0.021 m., perhaps a weight. J 15.

10683. -A- haematite kohlstick. /. 0.078 m. J 18.

10684. A ushabti of green glaze. /. o.iiom. J 39.

10685. A string made up of shells, a large bugle
of carnelian, a large green glaze ball bead and a
smaller do. J 41.

10686. A flat draughtsman, frit, glaze all gone.
Maximum d. 0.025 "^^ J 4S-

10687.

Si-x; cone-shaped draughtsmen, faint traces
of glaze remain on the frit, of which
they are made. h. 0.027 m. d. at base
0.018 m. J 45.

Six castle-shaped draughtsmen, traces of
glaze still remaining on the frit, of which
they are made. /;. 0.016 m. d. at base
0.016 m. J 45.

10688.
10689.
10690.
10696.
10697.,
10691.
10692.
10693.
10694.
10695.
10698.

10699. A small wooden kohlpot in form of two
tubes side by side. /. 0.051 m. J 45-

10700. 1

j- Small pottery reeving blocks(?). J 46.

10702. Base of a small tubular kohlpot of glazed
frit. J 45-

10703A. A string of steatite beads. J.

10703B. A bronze serpent from ring. J.

10703C. A small bronze spatula. J.

10704. A circular black pottery "curtain reever. "

J 46.

10705. Porcupine quills. J 12 and J 13.

10706. Seven bone earrings. H and J.

! A string of six worthless scarabs. ) Various
A tiny gold pendant. H21. V H and J
A tiny worthless ushabti. ) tombs.

10708. A string of miscellaneous small glaze beads
and pendants, carnelian pendants, and bone
hair-rings, etc. Various H and J tombs.

10709. Fragments of a bronze dish. H 80.

10710. Ten small chipped flints (sickle), and a
chipped carnelian. H.

CHAPTER XVII

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM. PHILADELPHIA.
FOUND IN CEMETERY K AND IN THE TEMPLES OF BUHEN.

In this chapter the objects are not grouped by classes, but are numbered in sequence according to the order
of the graves. All objects are illustrated except those marked with an asterisk. The pottery "types" referred to
are the Twelfth Dynasty types figured on Plates 93, 94, 95.

10711.* Scarab. Of quartz. Uninscribed. K I.

10712.* Small scarab. Of glazed steatite, in-
scribed with Nefer sign. K I.

10712 *B. Pot S x.xxii. Pink clay, painted with
bands of colour, ^i. 0.130 m. K I.

10713. Vase of Tell-el-Yahudieh type in cream-
coloured ware; undecorated. h. 0.08 m. See
PI. 49. K I.

10714.* Ivory figure of Bes, stained green.
h. 0.035 m. K 3.

10715. Scarab. Of steatite, the glaze entirely worn
away. Inscribed with the name MenkheperrS.
See PI. 96. K 3.

10716.* Green glaze amulet in form of eye. K 3.

10717.* Fifteen camelian pendants, shape poppy-
seed ; and some very small green glaze pendants.

K3.
10718.* Beads of shell, shape ring; and some of

blue glass. K 3.

10719.* Pot like S xxxiv, very small. Red clay,

painted with bands and dots. h. o.io m. K 3.

10720.* Pot S xxxiv. Painted with bands on the

neck and vertical stripes, h. 0.15 m. K 4.

10721. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. Inscribed with the name NebmarS
(c/. 10133 and 10197). See PI. 96. K 4.

10722. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. See PI. 96. K 4.

10723. Small oblong ivory plaque with traces of
glaze remaining upon it. On the obverse is an
antelope couched between two trees; on the
reverse the goddess Taurt. See PI. 96. K 4.

10724.* Pear-shaped bead of green glaze streaked
with purple. K 4.

10725. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, with traces
of glaze remaining. See PI. 96. K 4.

10726. * Pot of a shape not figured in the Eighteenth
Dynasty series. It resembles the Twelfth
Dynasty "Type i" (in PI. 93), but it is much
smaller, only 0.250 m. high. Red clay painted
with three dotted bands of colour, the upper two
of which are connected by vertical hnes. K 5.

10727.* Pot S xxxii. In red clay once faced with
haematite which has now worn off. Painted
with bands of colour and vertical lines, h. 0.120 m.

k:5-

10728.* Pot S xxxii. In red clay faced with
haematite. Painted with bands of colour and
vertical lines, h. o.io m. K 5.

10729.* Pottery ring-stand in brown clay faced
with haematite, h. 0.35 m., d. 0.125 ™-

K5.

10730.* Fourteen blue glaze ball-beads. K 5.

10731.* Eight camelian amulets, shape poppy-
seed. K 5.

10732.* A blue glaze ushabti. K 5.

10733.* Three bhie glaze pendants in shape of
Nefer. K 5.

10734.* I Two small green glaze amulets and one

I0735' \ in red glaze, of a scorpion. K 5.

10736. Small scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
well preserved. See PI. 96. K 5.

10737. Scarab. Of pottery glazed bright blue,
the glaze perfectly preserved. See PI. 96. K 5.

10738. A remarkable .^gean pot. Red clay faced
with a hard white slip on which bands, spirals,
etc. are painted in red. See PI. 50. K 5.

10739.* Blue glaze ball-beads. K 5.

10740.* A number of shell beads, shape ring, one
or two blue glass beads and small green glaze
amulets. K 5.

10741.* Small beads of blue glass, green glaze
camelian. K 5.

10742. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
partly preserved but much discoloured. See
PI. 96. K 7.

10743. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, traces of the
glaze remain on the back. Inscribed Neferkar^
within a frame of spirals. See PI. 96. K 7.

10744. Button. Of glazed pottery, the glaze well
preserved. See PI. 96. K 7.

10745. Scarab. Of steatite, no traces of glaze.
Sec PI. 96. K 7.

10746. Scarab. Of pottery glazed blue, the glaze
well preserved. Inscribed Kheperr$ (c/. Nos.
10013, 10025). See PI. 96. K 7.

10747.* Bronze tweezers, 0.08 m. long. K 7.

10748.* Bronze tweezers, 0.05 m. long. K 7.

10749.* A cowry shell, a pendant of agate, an
eye amulet of green glaze gone white and a fly
amulet of green glaze gone white. K 7.

10750.* Three large ring camelian beads and a
large number of small blue glaze beads. K 7.

(TiS)

234

BUHEN

1 075 1. Steatite statuette of the gardener Merer
inscribed with his name "the gardener Merer.
Son of the lady of the house Neferu." h. 0.28 m.
See p. 192 and Pll. 72, 73. K 8.

10752. String of gold amulets in the form of
Hathor-heads and of hawks; from an adjoining
chamber to that in which Merer was buried.
See p. 192 and frontispiece. K 8.

I0753' String of small gold ring-beads with two
gold lentoid beads. Found on the neck of Merer.
See p. 192 and frontispiece. K 8.

10754. Necklace of amethyst ball-beads spaced by
tubes of gold. The necklace was just one metre
in length and terminated in two finely moulded
small lions of gold. Found on the neck of Merer.
See p. 192 and frontispiece.

10755. Plaque of glazed steatite found on the
left shoulder of Merer. It is inscribed on both
sides with the name and titles of the king
(presumably Amenemhat 3d). See p. 192 and
PL 74. K 8.

10756. ) Two armlets of gold wire twisted at the

10757. ) centre into a lover's knot. Worn on
each of the fore-arms of Merer, d. 0.065 rn- ^nd
0.055 m. See p. 192 and frontispiece. K 8.

10758. Merer's gold ring with gold-mounted steatite
scarab as a turning bezel. The scarab is inscribed
with the name of Maat-en-re (Amenemhat 3d).
See p. 192 and frontispiece. K 8.

10759. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
preserved on the back. See PI. 89. K 8.

10760.* Fluted discs of green glaze. K 8.

10761.* Bronze cylinder, I. 0.033 "i-i <^- 0.017 m.,

enclosing the remains of some object made of frit.

K 8.

10762. Pottery-type xvi. Bowl of red-brown
ware. h. 0.080 m., d. 0.115 m. See PI. 95. K 8.

10763. Pottery-type ii. Large dish of rough red-
brown ware with string-marks on the outside.
//. o.iiom., d. 0.345 m. See PL 93. K 8.

10764. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze quite
worn away. See PL 89. K 9.

10765. Tell-el-Yahudieh vase in fine black ware
with punctured decoration. See PL 49. K 9.

10766. \ Fragments of similar Tell-el-Yahudieh
10766B. r vases in fine black ware with punctured

10767. ; decoration. See PL 49. K 9.

10768. Pottery-type xxi. Bowl of red-brown ware.
h. 0.095 m.,(i. 0.185 m. See PL 95. K 9.

10768*6, C, D. Pottery-type xvi. Three bowls of
red-brown ware. h. 0.075 m., d. 0.120 m. K 9.

10769.* Pottery-type ivBf. Incense-burner of
rough red-brown ware. h. 0.150 m., d. at top
0.160 m. K 9.

10770. Top of a Tell-el-Yahudieh vase in fine black
ware with punctured decoration. See PL 49. K 10.

10771. Pottery-type i. Tall jar of rough red-
brown ware. h. 0.41 m. See PL 93. K 10.

10771B. Pottery-type xv. Hemispherical cover
of an incense-burner with circular open mouth
at top and rows of vertical holes at the sides
alternating with an incised palm-branch. . Rough
red-brown ware. h. 0.075 m., d. 0.115 m. See
PL 95. K 10.

10772. Pottery-type ii. Large dish of rough red-
brown ware with string-marks on the outside.
h. 0.115 m., d. 0.360 m. See PL 93. K 10.

10772B. Pottery-type viii. Tall jar, broken, of
fine hard white ware pink in section. Had origi-
nally a handle on each side. Height to top of
the handle 0.370 m. See PL 94. K 10.

10773.* Cylindrical bead of green glaze 0.025 m.
long with three narrow bands of gold round it.

K 12.

10774.* Beads of shell, shape ring. K 12.

10775. Pottery-type v. Incense-burner of red
ware coated with a slight white slip; marks of
fire visible on the inside, h. 0.160 m., d. at top
0.150 m. and 0.160 m. See PL 94. K 12.

10776. Pottery-type xvii. Conical stopper in
smooth brown clay with wave-marks at the rim
impressed by the fingers. h. 0.130 m. See PI.
95. K 12.

10777.* Pottery-type ivB. Incense-burner of
rough red-brown ware, broken; marks of fire
visible on the inside. A. 0.160 m., d. at top
0.140 m. K 12.

10778. Pottery-type x. Tubular pot of red ware
washed with haematite, broken. Original height
ciVcti 0.140 m. See PL 95. K 12.

10779. Pottery-type xxv. Bowl of red ware slightly
washed with haematite, h. 0.070 m., d. 0.240 m.
See PL 95. K 12.

10780.* Beads. Of amethyst, carnelian and garnet,
shape spheroid, and a lion and a hawk in carnelian.

K 13.

10781.* Parts of a silver torque with pendants in
the form of shells (cf. 10327 A). K 13.

10782. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved on the back. See PL 89. K 13.

10783.* Small bead of glazed steatite in shape of a
cartouche; inscribed on each side with the name
Maat-en-re; colour of the glaze entirely gone.

K13.

10784.* Very small scarab, of glazed steatite, the
glaze entirely gone; inscribed with two Nefer
signs and a iCo sign. K 13.

10785.* Large ball-beads, once glazed, but the
colour is entirely gone. K 13.

10786.* Large ball-beads of carnelian, and a few
green glaze beads. K 13.

10787. Blue glaze beads. K 13.

t By ivB, which is not illustrated, we denote an incense-burner of the same general form as that illustrated in type iv but with a
different rim to the cup; the rim is sometimes recurred and sometimes sharply vertical.

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM TWELFTH DYNASTY GRAVES 235

10788.* Scarab. Of plain blue glaze. K 13.

10789. Pottery-type xxvii. Of red ware washed
with haematite, h. 0.180 m. See PI. 95. K 13.

10790.* Pottery- type xvi. Of red-brown ware.
d. 0.120 m. K 13.

10791.*) Two shallow bowls of brown ware.

10792.*] d. 0.165 "''■ ^'^d 0-170 ni- K 13.

10793. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
almost entirely worn away. The name is evi-
dently a royal name and seems to be Karneferu.
See PI. 89. K 14.

10794.* Scarab. Of green jasper, uninscribed.

K 14.

10795.* Two buttons of carnelian, with bronze
shanks. K 15.

10795B. Pottery-type xviii. Of red-brown ware.
h. 0.145 f"-. maximum d. o.iio m. See PI. 95.

K 16.

10796.* Diminutive slate saucer, rf. 0.060 m. K 17.

10796*8, C. Pottery-type xvi. Two in red-brown
ware. d. 0.105 "^- ^'^'^ 0.120 m, K 17.

io796*D. Half of a large ring-stand in rough red-
brown ware. h. 0.115 m., d. circa 0.210 m.

K 17.

10797. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze well
preserved. See PI. 8g. K 18.

10798* A, B. Beads of shell, shape ring. K 18.

10799.* Beads. Of green glaze. K 23.

10800.* Ring-stand of red-bro\\^l ware. h. 0.50 m. ;
maximum d. 0.105 m. K 24.

10800B. Pottery-type xxii. Spouted cup of red-
brown ware. h. o.iom., d. 0.115 m. See
PI. 95. " K 24.

10800C. Pottery-type iv. Incense-bumer of rough
red-brown ware ; marks of fire visible inside,
/j. 0.190 m., d. at top 0.205 m. See PI, 94. K 24.

10801.* Scarab. Of hard stone, uninscribed. K 24.

io8oi*B. A few shell beads and an amethyst

bead

K 24.

10802.

Alabaster kohl-pot. h.

0.052 m. with its

lid.

See PI. 90.

K 26.

10803.

Alabaster kohl-pot. h.

0.04 r m. with its

lid.

See PI. 90.

K26.

10804.

Alabaster kohl-pot. /;.

0.085 ™- with its

lid.

See PI. 90.

K 26.

10805.

Alabaster kohl-pot. h.o.

059 m. See PI. 90.
K 26.

10806.

Alabaster kohl-pot. h. 0

065 m. See PI. 90.
K 26.

10807.

Alabaster kohl-pot. h. 0

073 m. See PI. go.
K 26.

10808.

Pottery-type xxiv. Of

rough red-brown

ware

h. 0.080 m., maximum

d. 0.235 m. See

PI. 9

K 26.

10809.*

Small beads. Of green ;

jlaze and carnelian.

K27.

10810. Pottery-type xxvi. Smelting pot of
rough red-brown ware. Ii. 0.18 m. See PI. 95.

K27.

10810B. Pottery- type xxviii. Of red ware covered
with haematitic slip. h. 0.230 ra. See PI. 95.

K27.

10810C, D. Pottery-type xx. Two jars of rough
red-brown ware. k. 0.15 m. and 0.175 m. See
PI. 95- ' K27.

io8io*E. Ring-stand of red-brown ware, covered
with haematitic slip. h. 0.75 in., maximum d.
0.105 "■>■ K 27.

10811. Pottery-type x.xxi. Of red-brown ware.
h. 0.190 m., string-marked on outside. See PI. 95.

K27.
10811B. Pottery-type vi. Censer or candlestick

of red-brown ware, broken; present d. 0.160 m.

See PI. 94. K 27.

10811C. Pottery-type .'<i. Of red-brown ware.

h. 0.130 m. See PI. 95. K 27.

1081 iD. Pottery-type xii. Of red-brown ware.

h. 0.160 m. See PI. 95. K 27.

10811E. Pottery-type xix. Of rough red-brown

ware. h. 0.145 m. See PI. 95. K 27.

10812. Pottery-type vii. Bowl of rough red-
brown ware with circular depression in centre
marked with fire, so no doubt used as an incense-
bumer. /;. 0,06 m., d. 0.230 m. See PL 94.

K 28.

10813. Pottery-type iii. Of rough red-brown
ware, broken, h. 0.370 m. See PI. 93. K 29.

10814.* Bronze mirror with handle in shape of
lotus. K3I-

10815.* Some plaques of blue glaze, probably
from an inlaid box. K 31.

10816.* Small oval gold plaque, one centimetre
long, with simple pattern like a St. Andrew's cross
with oval at the junction of the arms. K 31.

10817.* Amethyst beads. K 32.

10818.* Two ribbed buttons of carnelian. K 32.

io8i8*B. Some small bronze objects, apparently
three hooks, corroded together so as to be scarcely
recognizable. K 32.

10819. A long string of gold ring-beads. See
PI. 87. K32.

10820. A necklace of gold ring-beads. See
PI. 87. K32.

10821. A necklace of amethyst ball-beads spaced
by gold tubes similar to 10754. The string, how-
ever, was shorter than 10754 and the amethyst
beads of a less perfect colour and a good deal
weather-worn. See PI. 87. K 32.

10822.* A bracelet of gold ring-beads. K 32.

10823. A bracelet of gold beads some of lentoid and
some of flattened spheroid shape. See PI . S 7 . K 3 2 .

10824. The remains of a bracelet wliich originally
consisted of three strings separated by a spacer.
The spacer was a hollow gold cylinder and the
strings (of which only one or two beads were left),
had been (a) small gold tube-beads alternated
witli amethyst beads of nasturtium-seed form,
(()) plain gold ring-beads, (c) green felspar beads

236

BUHEN

of nasturtium-seed form, probably alternated

with gold beads. See PI. 87. K 32

10825. String of gold flattened-spheroid beads

See PI. 87. K32

10826.* Flat mother-of-pearl "strip-beads,"

pierced at each end. K 32

10827. Alabaster kohl-pot. /1.0.04 m. See PI. 90

K32

10828. Alabaster kohl-pot. /j. 0.06 m. See PI. go

K32

10829. Iron spear-head. I. 0.305 m.; maximum
width, o.oSm. See PI. 88. K 32

10830.* Bronze mirror without handle, d. 0.155 m

K32

10831. Tell-el-Yahudieh vase of fine black ware
with punctured decoration, h. 0.085 ">. See
PI. 49- K 32

10832.* A similar vase. K 32

10833. Pottery-type xxix. Of red-brown ware
washed with haematite which has worn off,
h. 0.23 m. See PI. 95. K 32

10834.* A plaque of blue fayence similar to No
10755, '^"t uninscribed. K 33

10835.* Carnelian stud. d. 0.015 ^^- K ^j

10836.* Amulet of blue glaze in form of lion.

K33
10837.* Scarab. Of green jasper, uninscribed

K3S
10838.* Small blue glaze beads and amulets. K 35
10839.* Ring- beads of shell. K 35

10840.* Round quartz bead with a cross-binding

of gold-foil over it. K 35

10841. Fayence bowl, inside plain, outside painted

in black with leaves of a water-plant. It. 0.065 "^-i

d. 0.080 m. K 35

10842.* Bronze mirror without handle, d. 0.105 m

K35
10843.* Two tiny scarabs of steatite, the glaze all

worn away, inscribed with a common formula

35 K
10844.* Part of a very small bronze dagger with
ivory handle. K 32

10845. Alabaster kohl-pot. h. 0.075 rn- See
PI. 90- K 36

10846. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. Represents the king as a
human-headed Hon. See PI. 89. K 37.

10847. Scarab. Of steatite; no glaze. See PI. 89.

K37.

10848. Pottery-type ix. Large wide-mouthed jar
of black-topped haematitic ware, in which a
baby's bones had been buried, h. 0.30 m.,
d. at mouth 0.22 m. See PI. 94. K 37

10849.* Blue marble kohl-pot, shape of 10827
h. 0.055 I"- K 38

10850.* Alabaster kohl-pot, shape of 10802
k. 0.051 m. K 38

1 085 1 A, B. Two pairs of bronze tweezers
/. 0.080 m. and 0.088 m. See PI. 91. K 38

10852. Scaraboid. Of glazed steatite, the glaze
entirely worn away. See PI. 89. K 38.

10853.* Scarab. In very pale amethystine quartz,
uninscribed. K 38.

10854* A, B. Two silver earrings. K 38.

10855.* Small uninscribed scarab of rock crystal.
Several small amethyst ball-beads. Some
carnelian beads of several shapes, bugle, ball,
ring. Green glaze beads of shapes lentoid, bugle,
ring. Several small amulets of carnelian and of
glaze representing a hawk.

10856.* Small scarab. Of glazed steatite set in
gold, the glaze entirely worn away. Ornamen-
tation of spirals. K 38.

10857.* Scarab. Of green jasper, uninscribed.

K38.

10858.* Small scarab. Of glazed steatite, the
glaze entirely worn away. Ornamentation of
small concentric circles. K38.

10859. Scarab. Of steatite, no traces of glaze.
Shows in deep intaglio the figure of the king with
an uraeus on either side. See PI. 89. K 38.

10860. Scarab. Of steatite, the glaze entirely
worn away. See PI. 89. K 38.

10861.* Broken Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, of fine
black ware, with punctured ornamentation of
zigzags, h. circa 0.130 m, K 44.

10862. Alabaster kohl-pot. h. 0.095 "i- with its
lid. See PI. 90. K 44.

10863.* Alabaster kohl-pot; shape of 10827 but
larger- /;. 0.075 "^- with its lid. K 44.

10864. Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, of finely burnished
red haematitic ware, undecorated. h. 0.105 m.
See PI. 92. K 44.

10865.* Alabaster kohl-pot, shape of 10827. k.
0.055 •"• with its hd. K 44.

10866.* Bronze mirror without handle; maximum
d. 0.103 n^- K 44-

10867. Pottery-type xxx. Of red-brown ware.
h. 0.185 ™- See PI. 95. K 44.

10867B. Pottery-type xxiii. Broken bowl, of
red-brown ware. h. 0.120 m., d. 0.285 m. See
PI. 95. K44.

10868.* Gold beads making up a string of total
length 0.140 m. Shape ring, with one shape
nasturtium-seed. K 44.

io868*B. A large number of steatite beads, of
which many are glazed and many unglazed.
Shapes ring, with one or two bugle, and one or two
fiat strips pierced at each end. Also a tubular
green glaze spacer bound with gold, and several
green glaze beads shaped on the model of some
fan-hke shell. K 44.

io868*C. A very small bronze cleaver. Also
fragments of another. K 44.

io868*D. Some tiny green glaze ring-beads. K 44.

10869. Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, of fine black ware,
with punctured ornamentation, h. 0.095 '^■
See PI. 92. K 44.

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM TWELFTH DYNASTY GRAVES 237

10870.* The round bottom half of a little steatite
cup which had once been glazed, d. 0.041 m.

K45-

10871. Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, of finely burnished

red haematitic ware, undecorated. h. 0.137 ™-

See PI. 92. K 45.

10872.* Small hemispherical objects of black

pottery, fluted on the convex side. d. 0.016 m.

K45-

10873. Pottery-type ii. Large dish of red-brown
ware with string-marks on the outside, the inside
rim painted with a broad band of white.
h. o.iom., d. 0.350 m. See PI. 93. K 45.

10873B. Pottery-type xiv. Of red-brown ware
with a wash of haematite over the top half.
h. 0.085 "^- See PI. 95. K45.

10873c. Pottery-type xiii. Of red-brown ware.
h. 0.130 m. See PI. 95. K 45.

10874. Amulet of ivory. Carved on the top in
relief with figure of a ram. On the under side is
a representation of the goddess Taurt in intaglio.
See PI. 89. K 45.

10875. Scarab. Of steatite, on which no glaze
remains; set in gold and inscribed with spirals
and nefers. See PI. 89. K 45.

10876. Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, of fine black ware,
with punctured ornamentation, h. 0.125 m.
See PI. 92. K 45.

10877. Vase of Tell-el-Yahudieh type, in dis-
coloured white ware. No decoration, but three
lines are incised round the body just above the
centre. See PI. 92. K 45.

10878. Alabaster ointment-vase. h. 0.067 m. See
PI. 90. K 45-

10878*8. Small flat-hemispherical object of
alabaster, bored with a hole on each side as if
for suspension, h. 0.025 m., d. 0.036 m. K 45.

10879.* Bronze mirror without handle ; maximum
d. 0.140 m. K 45.

10880.* Cup of red-brown ware. ft. 0.065 m. K 45.

io88o*B. Pot of type XXX rough red ware. K45.

10881.* Fragments of a Tell-el-Yahudieh vase of
fine black ware with punctured decoration. K 45.

10882. Small broken bowl in black and white
veined marble, h. 0.053 '"•t ''■ 0.065 rn. See
PI. 90. K 45-

io882*B. A number of small black pottery cones
and of glazed steatite beads, the shapes of which
are spheroid, ring, bugle. Are probably parts of
a model scourge. K 45.

10883. Broken bronze bowl, finely fluted at the
rim. h. 0.060 m. See PI. 96. K 45.

10884.* Bronze mirror with its linen cover still
adhering in places, no handle ; maximum d.
0.153 ra. K4S.

10885. Bronze axe-head. /. 0.080 m., b. 0.050 m.
(at cutting edge). See PI. 91. K 45.

10886. Small broken vase of Tell-el-Yahudieh
type, in rose-pink ware covered with a slip of

almost the same colour. The decoration is not
punctured, but painted, and consists of lines which
run vertically down from a small circle painted
round the neck. h. circa o 080 m. See PI. 92.

K4S-
10887. Small vase of Tell-el-Yahudieh type, in
finely burnished red haematitic ware; no decora-
tion, h. 0.093 in- Ss6 PI. 92. K 45.
io887*B. Fragments of several similar vases, three
being in fine black ware with punctured decora-
tion, and one in rose-pink ware with painted bands

K45.

10888.* Alabaster kohl-pot, shape of 10827, bi*

more slender, h. 0.045 "^- K 45.

10889. Small Tell-el-Yahudieh vase, of rough
black ware, without ornamentation, h. 0.075 ^^■
See PI. 92. K 45.

10890. Small bottle in finely burnished red
haematitic ware, without decoration, h. 0.097 '^^
See PI. 92. K 45.

10891.* Alabaster toilet-vase, shape resembling
10805, much corroded, h. 0.069 "i. K 45.

10892.* Fragments of ivory wands. K 45.

10893.* Bronze mirror without handle; maximum
d. 0.109 m. K 45.

10893*8. Very small alabaster kohl-pot, shape of
10827. h. 0.030 m. K 45.

10894.* Oval marble vase, In form of a trussed
duck, corroded, h. 0.075 ^^- K 45.

10894*8. Parts of a plain bronze bowl. K 45.

10895.* A number of unglazed steatite beads.
Shapes ring, with one or two bugle. Also a
number of small snail shells. K 45.

10896. Torque of silver wire in the form,
apparently, of two coiled snakes forming a
circle. Broken in several fragments, one of
which is shown in PI. 91. K 45.

10897. Small kohl-pot of obsidian; the rim of the
pot and the rim of the lid are bound with gold.
h. 0.030 m. with its lid. See PI. 91. K 45.

io898*A. Three strings of beads and small amulets
making a total length of 1.13 m.; not strung in
original order. K 45.

The beads are as follows:

Camelian in shapes spheroid, ring, lentoid,
bugle. Amethy.st (one or two only) in shapes
spheroid and barrel. Garnet in shape spheroid.

The amulets are as follows:

Three baboons in green glaze, and three in
camelian ; one frog in green glaze ; four hawks
in green glaze and one in camelian; two lizards
in camelian ; one scorpion in green glaze and one
in camelian ; three flies in green glaze and one in
camelian; two libation vases in green glaze; one
vulture in green glaze and one in camelian; one
fish in camelian; two hedgehogs in green glaze;
one lion in green glaze and one in camelian; six
small unglazed steatite scarabs inscribed with
conventional formula.

238

BUHEN

J0898B. Two strings of gold ring-beads. The
beads vary a great deal in breadth and in diameter.
They are not strung in original order; but no
doubt the gold beads had been originally used,
as loSgSC shows, as spacers between the camelian
or garnet beads enumerated above. One string
is figured in PI. 8g.

With these were found two small gold caps, and
seven small gold amulets; viz., two lions, two
hawks, two flies, and a flower on stem (or perhaps
vase). See PI. 89. K 45.

10898*0. Three small strands put together in
exactly the order in which they were lying in the
tomb show the original composition of the beads
described above as 10898A, B. In one of these

strands spheroid garnets are spaced singly be-
tween gold rings; in another a single spheroid
green glaze is between gold rings; in a third a
spheroid green glaze is spaced from a spheroid
camelian by a gold ring. K45.

10899.* A number of green glaze beads, principally
long bugle in shape, but there are also some
spheroid and some ring. Probably they originally
made up a model scourge. K 45

10899*3. A number of small steatite ring-beads
two haematite kohl-sticks, two alabaster lids of
kohl-pots. K 45

10899*0. Amulet of green glaze in form of a frog
inscribed on the reverse with signs Re and Nefer
within a scroll border. Place unknown

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM THE TOWN AND TEMPLES

10900A. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze

fairly well preserved. See PL 96.
10900B. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze

partly preserved. See PI. 96.
10900C. Scarab. Of glazed steatite, the glaze

partly preserved. See PI. 96.
10900D. Thirty-seven fragments of oval clay

sealings found near the northern temple. They

represent slight variations of a single subject;

viz., the king holding a prisoner by a cord. See

p. 117 and cf. PI. 42.

10901. Twelve fragments of oval clay sealings
found near the northern temple. They represent
each an animal; viz., bull, jackal, deer, sheep. See
p. 118 and PI. 42.

10902. Five fragments of mud-impressions of seals
affixed to jars. They show one or two hiero-
glyphic letters.

10903-6. Portions of clay stamps. See PI. 43.
10907.* Two clay impressions of a scarab showing

signs ankh and ka.
10908.* Mud finger ring with the name of Hek-

maat-re. See p. 104.
10909.* Six lumps of clay with impressions from

scarabs, some fragmentary.
10910-22.* Boxes containing each six lumps of

clay with similar impressions.
10923.* Clay stamp.
10924.* Three fragments of the same clay sealings

as 10900.
10925.* Eight fragments of the same clay sealings

as 1 090 1.
10926.* Five fragments of a clay sealing represent-
ing a rabbit.
10927-33.* Clay sealings.
10934.* ( Clay animals found just below the Romano-

10935

:.}

Coptic level near the southern temple.

10936.*) A clay sheep, and clay boat and boatmen
10937.* I found just outside the northwest comer

of the northern temple.
10938.* Five ostraka with inscriptions in demotic

from the new empire level on the west of the

southern temple.
10939.* A similar ostrakon from the Eighteenth

Dvnasty level on south of northern temple.

10940. Pieces of a blue glaze boomerang with
name of Zeserkare (Amenhotep ist). See p. 93
and PL 43.

10941. Fragment of glaze with inlay of light blue
on dark blue. See p. 93 and PL 43.

10942.* Part of a steatite head found lying on the

rubbish of the northern temple.
10943.* A blue glaze model of a gourd and some

blue glaze beads. See p. 94.
10944.* Fragments of blue fayence dishes, of blue

glaze beads and pendants, and a variegated glass

stud (contemporary ??), all from the Eighteenth

Dynasty level on the south side of the northern

temple.
10945.* Two bronze styli, a bronze fish-hook and

some small fragments of bronze from the

Eighteenth Dynasty level on the south side of

the northern temple.
10946.* Fragment of wheel-turned drab pottery

with well modelled head of Hathor in relief.

From same place as the last.
10947.* Broken blue glaze figures of Isis, blue glaze

beads and fragments of blue fayence from rooms

on the south side of the northern temple.
10948.* Five fragments of bronze from the same

place as the last.
10949.* A string of miscellaneous glaze beads and

amulets found scattered in various New Empire

rooms on the south side of the northern temple.

CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS FROM THE TOWN AND TEMPLES 239

10950.* A gaming-die from room 13. Eighteenth

to Twentieth Dynasty. See p. 107.
10951.* Small bronze implement from room 6.

Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasty.
10952.* A quern. Date uncertain, but presumably

New Empire.
10953. Fragment of painted ware. See p. 117 and

PI. 40.
10954.* Pot of type S lix or S Ixi in fine black-
topped haematitic ware, found on the surface of

the great buttressed wall.
10955.* Serpentine kohl-pot from room 18 near the

northern temple.
10956.* A pebble hollowed by the operation of

holding a metal drill against it. Eighteenth

Dynasty level near the northern temple.
10957.* Heavy bronze cutting-chisel from the

Eighteenth Dynasty level near the northern

temple.
10958.* Set of blue glaze beads in form of lotus-leaf

from room C of the northern temple. See p. 94.
10959.* Steatite scarab engraved with figure of a

lion, from room C in the northern teniple. See

p. 94.
10960.* A little pot full of blue glaze and carnelian

beads from under the pavement of room A in the

northern temple. See p. 94.
10961.* Small head of the Ammon-ram in blue

glaze, from the chamber between Hatshepsut's

temple and the street.
10962-73.* Unpainted pottery from the houses

round the northern temple. See p. 116.
10974-79. Painted pottery from the houses on the

north of the northern temple. See p. 117 and
PI. 40.
10980. Seated statue of the scribe Amenemhat.

See pp. 10S-109 and PI. 36.

10981. (.A number not used.)

10982. Part of the funeral-stela of the scribe
Amenemhat. See p. 1 12 and PI. 34.

10983.* Part of the stela of a brother of Sepedher.

See p. 1 14.
10984.* Stela of Sepedher. Seep. 113.
10985.* Stela without any personal name, showing

figures of five divinities. See p. 115.
10986.* Fragment of an inscription from a broken

stela. See p. 116.

10987. The limestone doorway set up to Aahmes
I St by the viceroy Thure in the northern temple.
See pp. S7-8S and PI. 35.

10988. Stela of Sety ist. See p. 93 and PI. 34.
10989.* Part of a rough stela of a commandant of

Buhen. See p. 79.
10990.* Fragment of a stela with the name of

Wentawat. Seep. 79.
10991.* Part of a stela of Rameses 2nd. See p. 80.
10992.* Fragment from a seated statuette in black

basalt. See p. 80.
10993.* Fragment of a stela with cartouches of

Amenhotep 3rd. See p. 80.
10994.* Fragment of a stela with cartouche of

Rameses 3rd. See p. 80.
10995.* Stela of Amenhotep 3rd. See p. 81.
10996.* Stela of the cuirass-maker Nefer-renpet.

See p. 81.

10997. Stela found between graves K 44 and K45.
Very illegible, contains no name.

10998. Stela fiom Hatshep.su t's temple represent-
ing Amenemopet viceroy of Nubia. Cf. p. 77.

10999.* -A-ii alabaster kohl-pot very similar to
10S78. Found in a building northeast of the
northern temple.

Note, — The antiquities sent to Khartilm are not included in chapters xvi, xvii, which deal exclusively %\4th the specimens brought
back to Philadelphia. The others are mentioned each in their proper place in the chapters which describe the individual tombs.

INDEX

Aahmes l" (Ahmose), 6, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 99. 102, 103

Aahmes, an officer, 90, 91

Aahmes, a scribe, 1 1 1

Aahmes, son of Ptahsuah, 140, 181

Aah-hotep, 87

Aahklieperre, 176

Aam, 169, 180, 183

Abusir, i, 7

Abu Simbel, 20, 40

Mgean vase, 132, 199

Alabaster. See Cat.

Amadeh, 135

Amenemhat 3' , 185, 201

Amenemhat, a scribe, 108-110, 112

Amenemhat, 130, 176

Araenhotep 1", 89

Amenhotep 2°'', 6, 84, 89, 94, 103, 131

Amenhotep 3"*, 29, 80, 81, 104, 105, 107, 131

Amenhotep 4 , 91

Amenopet, 77

Amethyst, 136, 149, 192, 193

Amon-nekht, 39

Amon-re, 14, 20, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 41, 46, 47, 53, 78,

93,96, 109, 115
Amulets, 134, 136, 193, and Cat.
Anketsa, 184
Ankh-nefer-re, 131
Ankhtawy, 184
Antef-dedu, 89, 95

Anukis, 14, 15, 20, 21, 54, 55, 67, 69, 115, 116
Atum, 66

Ba-statue, 135

Barrel-roofs, 188

Beads. See Cal.

Bebi, 180, 182

Bedu, III

Beknamon, 33

Beku, 182

BekuT, 45

Blackman, Mr. A. M., 3, 19, 180

Black-topped pottery, 134 ,135, 174

Blemyan pottery, 126

Breasted, Prof. J. H., 88-89

Breasted's "Ancient Records," passim

Bronze. See Cat.

Budge, Dr. E. A. W., 82

Buhen, the name, 2

Buttressed wall, 97-101

Censers, 195

ChampoUion, 2, 9, 83, 84, 86, 89, 94, 95, 96, 102

Chapels above graves, 129, 187, 188

Churches, 6, 7, 18

Cleopatra, coin of, 125

Coffins, 187

Coptic settlements, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 100, loi

Crum, Mr. W. E., 96

Daggers, 134, 136, 159, 175

Deir-el-Bahari, 12, 13, 48, 55, 58, 64, 67, 70, 72, 73

Dromos-tombs, 186-190

Eighteenth Dynasty, 5, 6, 7, 13, 89, 94, 99-107, 108,
109, 113, 115, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124, 129-184
passim

Electrum, 136

Elephantine, 85, 115, 131, 173

Elephantine, "Southern," 54, 69, 73

Faras, I

Fayence, 131 and Cat.

Fortifications, 5, 6, 98, 99, 119-124

Gardiner, Mr. A. H., 2
Gardner, Prof. E., 40
Gebel Turob, 130, 134, 186
Goats, burials of, 127
Gold, 136, 149, 192, 193
Governor's House, 99, 102, 103, 104
Graves, classes of, 5, 129, 130, 186-190
Griffith, Mr. F. LI., 29, 33, 68, 70, 74, 75

Haifa, I, 2

Hall, Mr. H. R., 17

Hatshepsut, passim, but especially 10-82

Hek-maat-rc, 104

Herhotep, 114

Heriryiw, 45, 46

Hemefer, 114

Hemekht, 79, 182

Hersekher, 114

Hersheri, 114

Hippopotami, loi

HoUed-Smith, Col. Sir C, 2, 82, 108

Hori, 23, 24, 36, 38

Horu, 169, 183

Horus, passim, but especially, 10-96

(241)

242

INDEX

Hou, 133

House of the expedition, 4

Houses, ancient, 100, loi, 104, 105, 107

Hr-re-mery-an, 150

Huy, 77

Ikayta, 92

Infant burials, 190, 191

Iron, 135, 193, 211

Isis, 13, 14, 15, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 55, 68, ;

107, 124
Itef, 184
Itefu-renpu, 184
Ivory, 136

Jewellery, 192, 193, 200, 201, 210

Karnes, 108

Khartum, i, and passim

Kheperkare-didiu, 137, 180

Klinum, 115

Kubban, 2, 89

Kummeh, 48, 73

Kush, 16, 21, 24, 26, 32, 33, 44, 77, 86, 89, 92

Lyons, Capt. H. G., 2, 83, 89, 94, 95, 96, 102

Maat, 109

Maat-en-re, 185, 201, 204

Masks, 136, 142

Meilnarti, 7

Mendes, 26

Menkjieperrg, passim, but especially 9-76

Mentuhotep, 89, 95

Merer, 192, 201

Mergissa, 122

Memeptah, 17, 22, 23, 24

Memetchem, 96

Meroitic, 6, 17, 19, 100, 126, 127, 128

Mes, 79, 114

Middle Empire, 6, 98, 99, 100, loi, 106, 121, 185

Mikt, 14, 56, 60

Min, 87

Min-amon, 96

Min-sigse, 92, 93

Mirrors, 135, 193, 194

Moat 120, 121, 122

Montu, 14, 31, 65, 95

Msswy, 23

Murray, Miss M. A., 58, 72, 73

Mut, 47

Mycenaean vases, 132

Naville, Prof. E., 48, 55, 58, 64, 67, 70, 72, 73
Nebmaatrg, 104, 105, 134, 168, 198
Nebsumenu, 183
Neferhor, 25
Nefer-renpet, 81
Neferu, 192, 201

Nehi, 23, 27, 31, 42, 43

Nehuy, 180

Neith, 16, 75, 76

Neki, 114

Ne\v Empire. See Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth

Dynasties
Nineteenth Dynasty, 16, 100, 104, 129
Nobades, 128

Obsidian, 194
Osiris, 46, 9T

Pa-re-em-heb, 45

Paynehsi, 86

Penheka, 183

Petrie, Prof. Wm. P., 24

Petronius, 126

Phoenicians, 30

Pillars for oEEerings, 190

Piyay, 26, 39

Plaques. See Cat.

Pnoufer, 131, 173

Pottery, 116, 117, 126, 131-135, 195, and Cat.

Psammitichus, 40

Ptah, 92, 113, 115, 192

Ptah-em-saf, 183

Ptahpeh, 183

Ptolemy Philadelphus, coin of, 126

Rameses l", 86, 96, 131

Rameses 2'"', 17, 21, 22, 47, 77, 78, 80, 131, 133

Rameses 3"', 17, 32, 35, 37, 80

Rameses 4'", 17, 23, 24, 32, 104, 131, 133

Rameses 5"", 17, 32

Rameses 12' ,94

Ramessid period, 6

Raraeses-nekht, 44

Reisner, Dr. G., 128

Rekhpehtuf, 20

Rena, no

Rennefer, 114, 181

Resu, no

Retenu, 31

Romano-Nubian, 5, 6, 7, 17, 100, 102, 125-128, 129, 135

RoseUini, 2, 95, 96

Sat, 1S4

Satis, 14, 15, 16, 24, 26, 39, 41, 43, 61, 71, 73, 115

Sayce, Rev. Prof. A. H., 22

Scarabs. See Cat.

Scott-Moncrieff, Mr. P. D., 3, 7, loi

Sealings, 117, 118

Sebekdidiu, 184

Sebek-em-heb, loi, 108

Sebek-em-saf, 152, 182

Sebekur, 184

Sefekh-Abwy, 15

Semneh, 48, 52, 57, 88, 89

Senmut, 12, 49

INDEX

243

Sepedher, 113, 114

Serpentine walls, 123, 124

Seshit, 69

Sesostris 1", 89, 94, 96,-99, 100, 103, 133

Sesostris 3" , 41, 42

Set. 29, 30

Setau, 21, 22, 47

Sethe, Prof. K., 23, 27, 29, 30, 53

Sety 1", 77, 92, 93, 96

Sety 2°^ 19

Siamon, 45

Silver, 136, 194

Siptah, 17, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 43, 44

Soleb, 29

Spearhead, iron, 193

Stataes, 108-111

Stelae, 77-82, 86, 89-96, 100, 107, 112-116, 136, 137,

138, 146, 148, 149, 152, 155, 169, 180-184, 194.

208
Stone screens, 126, 127
Stone vases, 131 and Cat.
Stratification of buildings, 104-107
Superstructures of tombs, 130
Sudan railway, I

Tabesa, 82
Takhersenzetef, 114
Tanezemt, 81
Tehenu, 31
Tell-el-Amarna, 132
Tell-el-Yahudieh, 133, 195, 196

Teti, 79,'iii

Temples, 6, 9-94

Tewfikieh, i

Thoth, 25, 39

Thure. 88, 89

Thothmes 1", 10, 15, 16, 55, 70, 71, 74, 88, 89

Thothmes 2°' , passim, but especially 10-76

Thothmes 3' , passim, but especially 9-76

Thothmes 4"", 96

Tirhaka, 17, 50, 66

Tut-ankh-amen, 104-107, 131, 133

Twelfth Dynasty, 2, 5, 89, 99, 100, 102, 103, 185-216

and see Middle Empire
Twentieth Dynasty, 6, 16, 17, 100, loi, 104, i:j8, 124,

129, 132

Ubastet, 31, 36, 38
Ubekhsenu, 36
Usertatet, 96

Vaulting, 4, 187, 190

Viceroys of Nubia, 21, 22, 23, 42, 44, 47, 77, 88, 89, 91

Walls of the city, 97-101, and see Fortifications

Wands, 136

Wahsumert, 181

Wawat, 81, 113

Wentawat, 79

Wingate, Sir R., 2

Ykeb, 131

Errata in Volume I///.

Page 5, line i,^, for ' Ihe trenches in PI. ji a" read "the trenches in PI. ji b."
Page ig, line 12, for " beneath the scene in three vertical lines " read " beneath the

scene in three horizontal lines."
Page 75, the marginal heading "iii" should be inserted half-way down the

page, at words "dances before."
Page 134, last line, for "vases 10608 to 10616" read "vases 1060Q to 10616.'
Page 216, last line, for "statement to that effect on page 143" read "statement

to that effect on page IJ4."

rm Arty

r 1

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Texts

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Buhen"

See other formats